Amplifier circuit for adding a laplace transform zero in a linear integrated circuit

ABSTRACT

A compensation circuit for introducing a zero in a first circuit being incorporated in a closed loop feedback system includes a first capacitor, an amplifier with capacitive feedback and a second capacitor, connected in series between an input node and a summing node in the first circuit. In one embodiment, the summing node is an intermediate node between two gain stages of a second circuit in the first circuit. The capacitive feedback can be formed by a third capacitor coupled in parallel with one or more of the gain stages in the amplifier. In operation, the capacitance of the second capacitor and an input impedance of the second gain stage of the second circuit introduce a zero in the closed loop feedback system at the third node. The compensation circuit can be applied to a switching regulator controller for adding a zero in the feedback system of a switching regulator.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is related to U.S. Pat. No. 6,304,067, entitled “Adding A Laplace Transform Zero To A Linear Integrated Circuit For Frequency Stability,” filed on Dec. 8, 2000, and issued Oct. 16, 2001, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,424,132, entitled “Adding A Laplace Transform Zero To A Linear Integrated Circuit For Frequency Stability,” filed on Sep. 7, 2001, and issued Jul. 23, 2002, both of which by Robert S. Wrathall, the same inventor hereof, which patents are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

This application is also related to concurrently filed and commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/210,696, entitled “Error Amplifier Circuit,” of the same inventor hereof.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to an amplifier circuit for adding a Laplace transform zero to a linear integrated circuit, and more particularly to an amplifier circuit for adding a Laplace transform zero in a switching regulator feedback loop for providing frequency stability.

DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART

Closed loop negative feedback systems are commonly employed in linear integrated circuits. For instance, switching regulators use a feedback loop to monitor the output voltage in order to provide regulation. To ensure stability in any closed loop system, the Nyquist criterion must be met. The Nyquist criterion states that a closed loop system is stable if the phase shift around the loop is less than 180 degrees at unity gain. Typically, a compensation circuit is added to a feedback loop to modulate the phase shift of the feedback loop to obtain stability.

The frequency response of a linear circuit can be characterized by the presence of “poles” and “zeros.” A “pole” is a mathematical term which signifies the complex frequency at which gain reduction begins. On the other hand, a “zero” signifies the complex frequency at which gain increase starts. Poles and zeros on the left half plane of a complex frequency plane or s-plane are considered normal and can be compensated. However, poles and zeros on the right half plane of a complex frequency plane are usually problematic and difficult to manipulate and is not addressed in the present application. Generally, a pole contributes a −90° phase shift while a zero contributes a +90° phase shift. A pole cancels out the phase shift of a zero for zeros in the left half plane. In designing a closed loop system with compensation, the location of the, poles and zeros are manipulated so as to avoid a greater than 180° phase shift at unity gain.

In a linear circuit, poles are created by placing a small capacitor on a node with a high dynamic impedance. If the capacitor is placed at a gain stage, the capacitance can be multiplied by the gain of the stage to increase its effectiveness. Each pole has a zero associated with it. That is, at some point, the dynamic resistance of the gain stage will limit the gain loss capable of being achieved by the capacitor. Thus, a zero can be created by placing a resistor in series with the gain reduction capacitor.

A conventional voltage mode switching regulator uses an inductor-capacitor (LC) network at the voltage output terminal for filtering the regulated output voltage to produce a relatively constant DC output voltage. FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a conventional switching regulator including a switching regulator controller 10 and an LC circuit 11. Switching regulator controller 10 generates a regulated output voltage V_(SW) at an output terminal 13 which is coupled to LC circuit 11 for providing a filtered output voltage V_(OUT). The output voltage V_(OUT) is coupled back to controller 10 at a feedback (FB) terminal 15 for forming a feedback control loop. The LC circuit has associated with it two poles, one pole associated with each element. If the feedback control loop is not compensated, LC circuit 11 alone contributes an −180° phase shift to the system and loop instability results, causing the output voltage to oscillate. Because virtually every switching regulator uses an LC filter circuit to filter the regulated output voltage, compensation must be provided in the feedback control loop of a switching regulator to compensate for the effect of the two poles introduced by the LC circuit.

A conventional compensation technique in switching regulators involves adding a circuit in series with the feedback loop which produces a Laplace zero. The zero is added to the feedback control loop to cancel out one of the two poles of the LC filter circuit, thus insuring closed loop stability. U.S. Pat. No. 5,382,918 to Yamatake describes using a capacitance multiplying op-amp to provide a large effective capacitance and a resistor in series as the frequency compensation element of a switching regulator. U.S. Pat. No. 5,514,947 to Berg describes a phase lead compensation circuit for providing additional phase to the loop gain of a switching regulator near the unity gain frequency. The phase lead compensation circuit of Berg uses a transconductance amplifier driving a frequency-dependent load, implemented as a band-limited op amp, in the feedback control loop of the switching regulator. These approaches are problematic because they both require a “high quality” differential amplifier in operation which is significantly large and complex to realize. In practice, differential amplifiers are typically large devices and can be relatively slow. Furthermore, the differential amplifiers tend to sink large amounts of current proportional to speed. The compensation approaches described by Yamatake and Berg are undesirable because the compensation techniques require sacrificing speed for closed loop stability. In addition the op-amp used in the compensation circuit needs to be compensated for stability itself, making the circuit more complex to implement.

FIG. 1 illustrates another approach for providing compensation in a feedback control loop of a switching regulator. Referring to FIG. 1, the output voltage V_(OUT) is coupled to the feedback terminal 15 and further to a voltage divider including resistors R₁ and R₂. The operation of the feedback control loop in controller 10 is well known in the art. The voltage divider steps down output voltage V_(OUT) and the divided voltage V_(R) is coupled to an error amplifier 20 which compares the divided voltage V_(R) to a reference voltage V_(Ref). Error amplifier 20 generates an error output signal indicative of the difference between voltage V_(R) and reference voltage V_(Ref). The feedback control loop of controller 10 operates to regulate the output voltage V_(OUT) based on the error output of error amplifier 20 so that voltage V_(R) equals voltage V_(Ref).

FIG. 2A is a plot of the loop gain magnitude vs. frequency in log scale for the switching regulator of FIG. 1 without any compensation. The low frequency loop gain is first reduced by a pole associated with error amplifier 20. The gain loss is modified by a zero also associated with the error amplifier. Then, at high frequency, the effect of the double-pole in the LC filter circuit causes a large loss in the loop gain such that the phase shift at unity gain is equal to or greater than 180°. The feedback control loop of the uncompensated switching regulator of FIG. 1 is unstable unless the gain is substantially reduced.

In the switching regulator of FIG. 1, a capacitor 18 (typically referred to as a “zero capacitor”) is connected in parallel to resistor R₁ of the voltage divider. Capacitor 18 introduces a zero-pole pair in the feedback loop. The location (or frequency) of the zero-pole pair is determined by the resistance of the voltage divider and the capacitance of capacitor 18. For practical resistance and capacitance values, the zero and pole introduced by capacitor 18 are typically located close to each other so that the zero is canceled out quickly by the nearby associated pole. FIG. 2B is a plot of the loop gain magnitude vs. frequency in log scale in the switching regulator of FIG. 1 incorporating zero capacitor 18. Here, the operation of the zero capacitor ensures that the phase shift is less than 180° near unity gain. However, the compensation provided by zero capacitor 18 is limited and often does not provide sufficient phase margin at unity gain. For example, at high frequency, zero capacitor 18 shorts out resistor R₁, resulting in no or minimal gain loss in the feedback loop. Thus, the compensation provided by capacitor 18 is not effective at high frequency. Also, the voltage divider of resistors R₁ and R₂ typically provides only a gain loss of 3 dB. The 3 dB gain loss limits the ratio of the pole to zero angular frequency of capacitor 18, and thus, limits the compensation range capable of being achieved by the use of a single zero capacitor 18. The feedback loop of switching regulator of FIG. 1 is susceptible to instability when the switching regulator is subjected to fluctuations in load impedance because of this limited compensation range.

Thus, it is desirable to provide a compensation circuit in a feedback loop of a linear circuit which is capable of providing effective pole cancellation.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to one aspect of the present invention, a compensation circuit for introducing a zero in a first circuit being incorporated in a closed loop feedback system is provided. The first circuit includes a first terminal generating a first voltage for the closed loop feedback system and a feedback terminal for receiving a second voltage from the closed loop feedback system. The first circuit also includes an input node in the first circuit receiving a feedback voltage corresponding to the second voltage where the input node is coupled to a second circuit.

The compensation circuit includes a first capacitor coupled between the input node in the first circuit and a first node where the first capacitor blocking out the DC component of the feedback voltage, an amplifier having an input terminal coupled to the first node and an output terminal coupled to a second node, a second capacitor coupled between the second node and a third node between a first gain stage and a second gain stage of the second circuit; and a third capacitor coupled between the first node and the second node. In operation, the capacitance of the second capacitor and an input impedance of the second gain stage of the second circuit introduce a zero in the closed loop feedback system at the third node.

According to another aspect of the present invention, a switching regulator controller circuit includes an output terminal providing a signal corresponding to a regulated output voltage and a feedback terminal for receiving a first voltage corresponding to the regulated output voltage. The controller circuit further includes an error amplifier having a first input node coupled to receive a feedback voltage corresponding to the first voltage, a second input node coupled to a reference voltage, and an error output node providing an error voltage indicative of the difference between the feedback voltage and the reference voltage. The error amplifier includes a first gain stage and a second gain stage connected in series. The controller circuit also includes a control circuit including an input node receiving the error voltage and an output node generating the signal corresponding to the regulated output voltage in response to the error voltage, the control circuit coupling the signal to the output terminal.

The controller circuit includes a compensation circuit for introducing a zero in the circuit for frequency stabilization. The compensation circuit includes a first capacitor coupled between the first input node of the error amplifier and a first node where the first capacitor blocks out the DC component of the feedback voltage, an amplifier coupled between the first node and a second node, a second capacitor coupled between the second node and a third node between the first gain stage and the second gain stage of the second circuit, and a third capacitor coupled between the first node and the second node. In operation, the capacitance of the second capacitor and an input impedance of the second gain stage of the error amplifier introduce a zero in the closed loop feedback system at the third node.

The present invention is better understood upon consideration of the detailed description below and the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a conventional switching regulator including a zero capacitor for compensation.

FIG. 2A is a loop gain vs. frequency plot for a conventional feedback system in a switching regulator without zero compensation.

FIG. 2B is a loop gain vs. frequency plot for a feedback system in a switching regulator including a zero capacitor for compensation.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a switching regulator including a switching regulator controller incorporating a zero generation circuit according to one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a loop gain vs. frequency plot for the feedback system of the switching regulator in FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram of a zero generation circuit implemented using CMOS devices according to one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a switching regulator controller incorporating a zero generation circuit according to another embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7A is a schematic diagram of a switching regulator controller incorporating a zero generation circuit according to an alternate embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7B is a schematic diagram of a switching regulator controller incorporating a zero generation circuit according to another embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a switching regulator controller incorporating a zero generation circuit according to a second alternate embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of a switching regulator controller incorporating a zero generation circuit according to another embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram illustrating an application of the switching regulator of FIG. 8 according to one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 11, consisting of FIGS. 11A, 11B, 11C and 11D, is a circuit diagram of an error amplifier circuit which can be used to implement the error amplifiers in FIGS. 8 and 9 according to one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 12, consisting of FIGS. 12A and 12B, is a circuit diagram illustrating a zero generation circuit according to one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 13 illustrates an exemplary guard-ring structure which can be used in zero generation circuit of FIG. 12 according to one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram illustrating a zero generation circuit according to an alternate embodiment of the present invention and further illustrates the incorporation of the zero generation circuit in a fixed switching regulator.

FIG. 15 is a circuit diagram illustrating an autobias circuit employing a switched resistor circuit according to one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 16 is representative circuit diagram of a switched resistor circuit.

FIG. 17 is a circuit schematic of a zero generation circuit incorporating the autobias circuit of FIG. 15 according to one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 18 is a bode plot (loop gain vs. frequency) of the feedback system of the switching regulator of FIG. 14.

FIG. 19 is a circuit diagram of an error amplifier according to one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 20 is a detailed circuit diagram of an error amplifier according to another embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

In accordance with the present invention, a zero generation circuit for adding a Laplace transform zero in a linear or analog circuit includes a blocking capacitor and an open loop amplifier coupled to a zero capacitor for multiplying the capacitance of the zero capacitor. The zero generation circuit provides a wide band and effective zero for pole cancellation in a linear circuit for obtaining frequency stability. The zero generation circuit of the present invention has the advantages of consuming a small circuit area and being power efficient, drawing only a small bias current. Furthermore, the zero generation circuit can operate at high frequency to provide compensation for a large frequency range. The zero generation circuit of the present invention can be applied in switching voltage regulators and other closed loop feedback systems with multiple poles for introducing effective “zero” compensation and improving frequency stability.

In the present description, a “zero” and a “pole” have meanings well understood by one skilled in the art. Specifically, a “zero” refers to the complex frequency at which the frequency response of a linear circuit has a zero amplitude, and a “pole” refers to the complex frequency at which the frequency response of a linear circuit has an infinite amplitude. In a feedback system, a pole signifies the frequency at which gain reduction begins while a zero signifies the frequency at which gain increase starts.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a switching regulator including a switching regulator controller incorporating a zero generation circuit according to one embodiment of the present invention. The circuitry of switching regulator controller 330 is conventional except for the zero generation circuit 310. Switching regulator controller 330 generates a regulated output voltage V_(SW) on an output terminal 302. The regulated output voltage V_(SW) is coupled to an LC filter circuit 11 to generate an output voltage V_(OUT) having substantially constant magnitude. Switching regulator 300, constructed using controller 330 and LC circuit 11, forms a closed loop feedback system for regulating output voltage V_(SW) and consequently, the output voltage V_(OUT). The output voltage V_(OUT) from LC filter circuit 11 is fed back to controller 330 on a feedback terminal 304. Typically, the output voltage V_(OUT) is coupled to a voltage divider including resistors R₁ and R₂ and generating a feedback voltage V_(FB) at a divider output node 306. The voltage divider functions to step down the output voltage V_(OUT) to a reference voltage level V_(Ref) at output node 306. The stepped down feedback voltage V_(FB) is coupled to the control circuitry of controller 330. In FIG. 3, the control circuitry of controller 330 is illustrated as including an error amplifier 308 and a control logic block 312. The feedback voltage V_(FB) is coupled to the inverting terminal of error amplifier 308. A reference voltage V_(Ref) is coupled to the non-inverting input terminal of error amplifier 308. The error output generated by error amplifier 308 is coupled to control logic block 312 for regulating the regulated output voltage V_(SW) on node 302. Control logic block 312 is conventional and numerous implementations are possible. Typically, control logic block 312 includes a logic control circuit and one or more switching transistors. If controller 330 is operating in a PWM mode, control logic block 312 may further include a PWM comparator to which the error output is coupled. The schematic diagram of FIG. 3 is simplified to better illustrate the principles of the present invention. It is understood by one skilled in the art that, in actual implementation, switching regulator controller 330 may include additional terminals and circuitry for the specific application.

In the feedback loop of switching regulator 300, error amplifier 308 has associated with it a pole and a zero. The pole and zero within error amplifier 308 are typically easy to generate because error amplifier 308 includes high impedance nodes. However, it is difficult to generate more than one pole or zero within error amplifier 308. On the other hand, LC filter circuit 11 introduces two poles to the feedback loop of switching regulator 300 which need to be compensated. In the present embodiment, a zero generation circuit 310 is incorporated in controller 330 to introduce a zero to the feedback loop of switching regulator 300, in addition to the zero generated by the error amplifier. Zero generation circuit 310 functions to ensure that the feedback system of switching regulator 300 meets the Nyquist criterion for frequency stability.

According to one embodiment of the present embodiment, zero generation circuit 310 includes a blocking capacitor C_(B), an amplifier AZ, and a zero capacitor C_(Z), connected in series between feedback terminal 304 and feedback voltage V_(FB) (node 306). In FIG. 3, circuit 310 is illustrated with a resistor R_(Z1) between capacitor C_(B) and amplifier AZ and with a resistor R_(Z2) between amplifier AZ and capacitor C_(Z) drawn in dotted line. Resistors R_(Z1) and R_(Z2) are illustrative only and are used to represent the equivalent input impedance and the equivalent output impedance, respectively, of amplifier AZ. Although resistors R_(Z1) and R_(Z2) are not meant to be actual elements or components in an actual implementation of circuit 310, circuit 310 may include resistors as needed for the implementation of amplifier AZ or for other purposes. As will be explained in more detail below, one embodiment of amplifier AZ includes an input resistor R_(ZI) which, when combined with the gain of the first gain stage in amplifier AZ, creates the input impedance R_(Z1) shown in FIG. 3.

In operation, capacitor C_(B) receives output voltage V_(OUT)on feedback terminal 304 and functions to block out the DC component of output voltage V_(OUT). Amplifier AZ amplifies the AC component of output voltage V_(OUT) provided by capacitor C_(B) before coupling the AC signal to zero capacitor C_(Z). The amplification function performed by amplifier AZ has the effect of amplifying the capacitance of capacitor C_(Z) such that capacitor C_(Z) can be implemented as a smaller capacitor while capable of introducing an effective zero in the feedback system. Furthermore, the AC signal amplification provided by amplifier AZ is also capable of introducing a zero having a wide range of applicability so that the zero is effective over a wide band of frequency. The zero signal generated by capacitor C_(Z) is summed with feedback voltage V_(FB) at node 306 before the feedback voltage V_(FB) is coupled to the control circuitry of controller 330. In FIG. 3, the summed feedback voltage is coupled to error amplifier 308.

The transfer function from the feedback voltage V_(FB) to the error output (denoted voltage V_(EOUT)), in the limiting conditions of R₁>>R_(Z2), A_(Z)>=1 and r˜1, is given as follows: $\begin{matrix} {{\frac{V_{FB}}{V_{EOUT}} \approx {\frac{1}{r}\frac{\left( {{A_{Z}*C_{Z}*R_{1}*s} + 1} \right)}{\left( {{\left( {R_{1}/r} \right)*C_{Z}*s} + 1} \right)}}},} & (1) \end{matrix}$

where A_(Z) is the gain of amplifier AZ, s is the complex frequency of the Laplace transform and r is given as: $\begin{matrix} {r = {\frac{R_{1}}{R_{2}} + 1.}} & (2) \end{matrix}$

Equation (1) above yields a pole and a zero angular frequency as follows:

ω_(Z)=1/A _(Z) *R ₁ *C _(Z), and  (3)

ω_(p)=1/(R ₁ /r)*C _(Z).  (4)

As can be seen from equation (3) above, resistor R₁ of the voltage divider of controller 330 provides the resistive load to capacitor C_(Z) and amplifier AZ for adding a zero in the feedback system. On the other hand, while in equation (4), both resistors R₁ and R₂ are used to provide a resistive load for introducing the pole of zero generation circuit 310, resistor R₂ is not critical for the placement of the pole and can be omitted in other embodiments of the present invention. When resistor R₂ is omitted (that is, resistance of resistor R₂ is infinite), the factor r has a value of 1 (equation 2) and the angular frequency of the pole, ω_(p), depends only on the resistive load of R₁.

The ratio of pole angular frequency (equation 4 above) to the zero angular frequency (equation 3 above) is given as follows: $\begin{matrix} {\frac{\omega_{P}}{\omega_{Z}} = {A_{Z}*{r.}}} & (5) \end{matrix}$

By adjusting the gain AZ of amplifier AZ, a very effective and wide band zero for pole cancellation can be generated in the feedback system of switching regulator 300. Referring to equation (5) above, in a conventional feedback system without any “zero” amplification, i.e., when the gain AZ is equal to 1, the ratio of the pole to zero angular frequency is equal to r and is approximately 2. On the other hand, in a feedback system employing zero generation circuit 310, even when amplifier AZ only has a modest gain of 10, a pole-to-zero frequency ratio of 20 can be obtained. Thus, the zero generation circuit of the present invention is effective in generating a zero with a much broader effective range than that can be obtained with the conventional compensation techniques.

FIG. 4 is a loop gain vs. frequency plot (in log scale) for the feedback system of the switching regulator of FIG. 3. FIG. 4 illustrates the effect on the loop gain vs. frequency behavior of switching regulator 300 after zero generation circuit 310 introduces a zero in the feedback system of the switching regulator. Referring to FIG. 4, the pole and zero of error amplifier 308 first diminishes the low frequency loop gain of switching regulator 300. At frequency f1, the double-pole of LC filter circuit 11 takes effect. At high frequency, the zero introduced by zero generation circuit 310 (also called the “amplified zero”) takes effect. If the onset of the effect of the amplified zero is perfectly matched to the position of the double-pole of LC filter circuit 11, then the amplified zero will cancel out the effect of one of the double poles. As shown in FIG. 4, the zero-pole pair of the amplified zero is spread much further apart in frequency range than that of the conventional single zero capacitor compensation circuit as shown in FIG. 2B. The wide-range spacing of the zero-pole pair of circuit 310 allows for a wider design latitude either for optimizing compensation or for increasing loop gain. Zero generation circuit 310 of the present invention amplifies the effect of the zero of zero capacitor C_(Z). The action of amplifier AZ introduces a zero having a wide range of effectiveness. Therefore, the placement of the zero in the feedback system is not as critical as in conventional systems. Consequently, zero generation circuit 310 has more tolerance for variations in capacitance values of capacitor C_(Z). Zero generation circuit 310 improves the overall performance of switching regulator 300.

Amplifier AZ of zero generation circuit 310 is an open loop amplifier and can be implemented as any conventional gain stages known in the art. FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram of a zero generation circuit implemented using CMOS devices according to one embodiment of the present invention. Capacitors C_(B) and C_(Z) can be implemented as any conventional capacitor structures and in the present embodiment, capacitors C_(B) and C_(Z) are MOS capacitors. Capacitor C_(Z) can have a capacitance value between 1 to 5 picofarads while capacitor C_(B) has a capacitance value about one-fifth of capacitor C_(Z). As described above, capacitor C_(B) functions to block out the DC component of the output voltage V_(OUT) presented at the circuit input node 520. Thus, the voltage V₁ at the other side of capacitor C_(B) (node 501) is the AC component of the output voltage V_(OUT). In the present embodiment, amplifier AZ is implemented as a two-stage gain block with self-biasing capability. The first gain stage includes a resistor R_(ZI) coupled between nodes 501 and 505 and an NMOS transistor 506 biased by a current mirror. Resistor R_(ZI) and the gain of the first gain stage create the effective input impedance R_(Z1) of amplifier AZ. Resistor R_(ZI) can be implemented as a diffused resistor or a polysilicon resistor. In the present embodiment, resistor R_(ZI) is a diffused resistor having a resistance value of approximately 400 kΩ. The current mirror of the first gain stage is implemented by PMOS transistor 502. The gate terminal of transistor 502 is coupled to a reference voltage V_(Refp) for generating a reference current I_(Refp) at the drain terminal (node 505) of transistor 502. The source terminal of transistor 502 is coupled to a power supply terminal 503 providing a supply voltage VDD. NMOS transistor 506 has its gate terminal connected to node 501 and its drain and source terminals connected between node 505 and a ground node 509. Thus, transistor 506 amplifies the voltage V₁ and generates an output voltage V₂ at node 505. The second gain stage of amplifier AZ includes an NMOS transistor 508 biased by a current mirror including a PMOS transistor 504. PMOS transistor 504 is connected in an analogous manner as PMOS transistor 502 and generates a reference current I_(Refp) at the drain terminal (node 507) of transistor 504. NMOS transistor 508 has its gate terminal coupled to node 505 and amplifies the voltage V₂ to provide an output voltage V₃ at output node 507. The amplified voltage V₃ is coupled to zero capacitor C_(Z). The action of amplifier voltage V₃ and zero capacitor C_(Z) introduces a zero at a circuit output node 521 having more effectiveness than a zero introduced by conventional compensation circuits. In the present embodiment, PMOS transistors 502 and 504 are of the same sizes while NMOS transistors 506 and 508 are also of the same sizes. In one embodiment, PMOS transistors 502 and 504 each has a width of 20 μm and a length of 3 μm. On the other hand, NMOS transistors 506 and 508 each has a width of 6 μm and a length of 2 μm.

The zero generation circuit of the present invention achieves advantages not obtainable in conventional compensation circuits. First, the zero generation circuit utilizes common circuit components and is simple to implement. Contrary to conventional compensation techniques where a closed loop amplifier is used to set the proper gain and phase for the zero function, the zero generation circuit of the present invention simply modulates the location or placement of the zero generated by a zero capacitor. When applied in a switching regulator controller, the zero generation circuit of the present invention is connected to the voltage divider already present in the controller and requires little modification of the overall controller design. The circuit of the present invention avoids adding complex and space consuming compensation circuits to the switching regulator controller as is done the prior art. Second, the zero generation circuit is small in size and thus, is cost effective to incorporate in any linear circuits. Because the capacitance of zero capacitor C_(Z) is amplified by the action of amplifier AZ, a small capacitor C_(Z) can be used, resulting in a smaller circuit area in implementation. Through the use of CMOS devices and an open loop amplifier AZ, the zero generation circuit can be operated at very high frequency. Furthermore, the zero generated in the zero generation circuit of the present invention has effectiveness over a wide range of frequencies and thus the circuit can tolerate variations in manufacturing processes and fluctuations in the load impedance.

In the above embodiment, the zero generation circuit is incorporated in a controller for a fixed switching regulator having an internal voltage divider. As mentioned above, resistor R₁ of the voltage divider in controller 330 is used to provide a resistive load to zero generation circuit 310 for introducing an effective zero at node 306. In another embodiment of the present invention, the zero generation circuit of the present invention can also be incorporated in a switching regulator controller for an adjustable switching regulator as illustrated in FIG. 6. Referring to FIG. 6, in an adjustable switching regulator 600, an external voltage divider, including resistors RE1 and RE2, are used for stepping down the output voltage V_(OUT). The output of the voltage divider of resistors RE1 and RE2 generates the feedback voltage V_(FB) to be coupled to switching regulator controller 630 on a feedback terminal 604 to form the feedback loop for regulating the output voltage V_(SW). In conventional switching regulator controllers, the feedback voltage V_(FB) is coupled directly to error amplifier 608. However, in accordance with the present embodiment, a zero generation circuit 610 is incorporated into switching regulator controller 630 to generate an effective zero for compensating the double-pole of the LC filter circuit in the feedback system of adjustable switching regulator 600. In switching regulator controller 630, zero generation circuit 610 is coupled between feedback terminal 604 and a node 606 which is the inverting input terminal of error amplifier 608. The structure and operation of zero generation circuit 610 is the same as circuit 310 described above. Basically, capacitor C_(B) blocks out the DC components of the feedback voltage V_(FB) and amplifier AZ amplifies the AC components of the feedback voltage and couples the amplified voltage signal to zero capacitor C_(Z). In the case of the adjustable switching regulator, zero generation circuit 610 further includes a resistor R₁ connected in parallel to the capacitors and amplifier circuit elements of the zero generation circuit (i.e. between node 604 and node 606). Resistor R₁ is used to provide a resistive load to zero generation circuit 610 for introducing an effective zero at node 606. In the present embodiment, the resistance of resistor R₁ is between 100 k to 200 k ohms. In one embodiment, resistor R₁ of circuit 610 is the same resistor R₁ in the voltage divider of switching regulator controller 330 of fixed switching regulator 300. Thus, controller 630 for an adjustable switching regulator can be built using the same circuit design as controller 330 for a fixed switching regulator except that, for controller 630, resistor R₂ of the voltage divider of controller 330 is disconnected from node 606. Zero generation circuit 610 generates a wide band zero for effective pole-cancellation in the feedback system of switching regulator 600 and ensures that the switching regulator can achieve frequency stability in operation.

In the above-described embodiments, the zero generation circuit of the present invention generates a zero which is summed with the feedback voltage V_(FB) at the input terminal of the error amplifier of the switching regulator controller. According to another aspect of the present invention, the summing node where the zero is introduced can be placed at other points in the feedback loop for providing effective zero compensation and improving frequency stability of the linear integrated circuit. Thus, other configurations for incorporating the zero generation circuit of the present invention in a switching regulator or other linear circuits are possible, as illustrated in FIGS. 7-9.

FIG. 7A is a schematic diagram of a switching regulator controller incorporating a zero generation circuit according to an alternate embodiment of the present invention. In switching regulator 700 of FIG. 7A, the summing node where the zero is introduced is placed at the output node of error amplifier 708. Thus, zero generation circuit 710 generates a zero which is summed with the output signal at the output terminal of error amplifier 708 to generate the error output signal at node 714. The configuration shown in FIG. 7A has the advantage of providing a zero in the feedback loop while bypassing the error amplifier circuit. In some applications, it may not be desirable to introduce the zero at the input terminal of the error amplifier as the gain of the amplifier AZ in the zero generation circuit may be so large that the input signal to the error amplifier becomes saturated. In those cases, the configuration shown in FIG. 7A is preferable as the error amplifier is bypassed and the zero is introduced at the output terminal of the error amplifier instead.

Referring to FIG. 7A, zero generation circuit 710 is incorporated in switching regulator controller 730 for a fixed switching regulator 700. Thus, controller 730 includes an internal voltage divider implemented as resistors R₁ and R₂ in FIG. 7A. The output voltage of the voltage divider (node 706) is the feedback voltage V_(FB) which is coupled to the inverting input terminal of error amplifier 708 to form the feedback loop for regulating the output voltage V_(SW) at node 702. The regulated output voltage V_(SW) is coupled to an LC filter 11 to generate an output voltage V_(OUT) having substantially constant magnitude. The output voltage V_(OUT) is fed back to controller 730 on a feedback terminal 704 to form the closed loop feedback system.

In the present embodiment, zero generation circuit 710 is coupled between feedback terminal 704 and a node 715. Node 715 is coupled to a summing circuit including resistors R_(S1) and R_(S2) providing a summed signal at node 714 (also referred to as the summing node). The zero generated by zero generation circuit 710 is summed with the output signal from error amplifier 708 through resistors R_(S1) and R_(S2) to affect the error output signal. In this manner, zero generation circuit 710 generates an effective zero for compensating the double-pole of the LC filter circuit in the feedback system of fixed switching regulator 700.

Zero generation circuit 710 can be implemented in the same manner as circuits 310 and 610 described previously. A capacitor C_(B), coupled to the feedback terminal 704, is used to block out the DC components of the output voltage V_(OUT) fed back to controller 730 at feedback terminal 704. An amplifier AZ, coupled to capacitor C_(B), amplifies the AC components of the feedback voltage and couples the amplified voltage signal to a zero capacitor C_(Z). Amplifier AZ can be implemented as shown in FIG. 5. The zero generated by zero capacitor C_(Z) is converted to a voltage value by resistor R_(S1). On the other hand, the output signal of error amplifier 708 is converted to a voltage value by resistor R_(S2). The zero signal and the error amplifier output signal are summed at summing node 714 to generate the error output signal. The error output signal is coupled to control logic block 712 for regulating the regulated output voltage V_(SW) on node 702.

In zero generation circuit 710, the resistance values of resistors R_(S1) and R_(S2) can vary from a very small value, such as near zero, to a very large value. Typically, a resistance value of 200 k ohms for resistor R_(S1) and a resistance value of 200 k ohms for resistor R_(S2) can be used. The ratio of the resistance of resistors R_(S1) to R_(S2) can also vary from near zero to a very large value. Typically, a R_(S1)/R_(S2) resistance ratio of 1 can be used.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 7A, the zero generation circuit generates a zero signal having wide range of applicability and is effective for compensating the double-pole of the LC filter circuit in the feedback system. Furthermore, the zero generation circuit retains all of the benefits of the zero generation circuits in the previous embodiments, while providing additional benefits not realized in the previous embodiments. Because the zero signal of the zero generation circuit does not propagate through the error amplifier of the switching regulator controller, significant performance enhancements can be achieved such as preventing saturation of the error amplifier input.

FIG. 7B illustrates the application of the configuration of FIG. 7A to an adjustable switching regulator utilizing an external voltage divider according to another embodiment of the present invention. Like elements in FIGS. 7A and 7B are given the same reference numerals to simplify the discussion. In adjustable switching regulator 750, zero generation circuit 710 is coupled between the feedback terminal 704 receiving the feedback voltage V_(FB) and a node 715 coupled to a summing circuit. Feedback voltage V_(FB) is the divided voltage of output voltage V_(OUT) and is generated by an external voltage divider circuit including resistors RE1 and RE2. As described above, the summing circuit includes resistors R_(S1) and R_(S2) and is coupled to sum the zero signal generated at node 715 and the error output voltage generated by error amplifier 708. The operation of zero generation circuit 710 in switching regulator controller 780 is the same as in switching regulator controller 730 of FIG. 7A. The placement of the voltage divider external to switching regulator controller 780 has no impact on the operation of the zero generation circuit. Zero generation circuit 710 introduces a zero at the summing node which is summed with the error voltage from error amplifier 708. The zero introduced in the feedback loop of switching regulator 750 has a wide range of effectiveness.

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a switching regulator controller incorporating a zero generation circuit according to a second alternate embodiment of the present invention. In switching regulator 800 of FIG. 8, error amplifier 808 is split into two gain stages (denoted by amplifiers 820 and 824) and the summing node where the zero is introduced is placed between the first gain stage and the second gain stage of the error amplifier. Thus, zero generation circuit 810 generates a zero which is summed with the output signal of the first gain stage and the resultant signal is further amplified by the second gain stage to generate the error output signal. The configuration shown in FIG. 8 provides numerous advantages, as will be described in more detail below.

Referring to FIG. 8, zero generation circuit 810 is incorporated in switching regulator controller 830 for a fixed switching regulator 800. Thus, resistors R₁ and R₂ represent the internal voltage divider for stepping down the output voltage V_(OUT) received at feedback node 804. The output voltage of the voltage divider (node 806) is the feedback voltage V_(FB) which is coupled to an inverting input terminal of error amplifier 808 to form the feedback loop for regulating the output voltage V_(SW) at node 802. The regulated output voltage V_(SW) is coupled to an LC filter 11 to generate an output voltage V_(OUT) having substantially constant magnitude. The output voltage V_(OUT) is fed back to controller 830 on feedback terminal 804 to form the closed loop feedback system.

As mentioned above, error amplifier 808 includes two gain stages, represented by amplifier 820 and inverting amplifier 824. One having ordinary skill in the relevant art would appreciate that the error amplifier in the switching regulator controller in this or other embodiments described herein can be either inverting or non-inverting depending on circuit design to provide the correct phase shift in the output signal. The exact polarity of the error amplifier is not critical to the principle of the present invention. Error amplifier 808 further includes a summing circuit 822 coupled between the output terminal of the first gate stage (amplifier 820) and the input terminal of the second gain stage (amplifier 824).

In the configuration shown in FIG. 8, zero generation circuit 810 is coupled between voltage divider output node 806 and a summing node in summing circuit 822 of error amplifier 808. Zero generation circuit 810 can be implemented in the same manner as described in the previous embodiments. Thus, zero generation circuit 810 includes a capacitor C_(B), an amplifier AZ, and a zero capacitor C_(Z), connected in series between node 806 and summing circuit 822. Zero generation circuit 810 operates in the same manner as described in the previous embodiments to generate a zero for the feedback loop of switching regulator 800.

In switching regulator controller 830, amplifier 820 of error amplifier 808 operates on the feedback voltage V_(FB) received directly from the voltage divider circuit. At amplifier 820, feedback voltage V_(FB) is compared with a reference voltage V_(Ref) to generate an error signal denoted as V_(EOUT1) at the output terminal of amplifier 820. The error signal V_(EOUT1) is then summed with the zero generated by zero generation circuit 810 by summing circuit 822. The summed signal is provided to the second gain stage (amplifier 824) which amplifies the summed signal. The output signal of amplifier 824 is the error output signal (node 814) of error amplifier 808. The error output signal is coupled to control logic block 812 for regulating the regulated output voltage V_(SW) on node 802. In this manner, zero generation circuit 810 generates an effective zero for compensating the double-pole of the LC filter circuit in the feedback system of fixed switching regulator 800.

In the present embodiment, the zero generated by the zero generation circuit 810 bypasses the first gain stage of error amplifier 808 and is coupled to summing circuit 822 in the error amplifier. The zero signal, summed with the error voltage V_(EOUT1), is further amplified by the second gain stage to generate the error output signal of error amplifier 808. The configuration of zero generation circuit 810 in FIG. 8 provides several advantages.

First, the configuration of FIG. 8 allows a zero with very high gain to be generated while avoiding the problem of saturating the front end of the error amplifier. As mentioned above, in the embodiments where the zero is introduced at the input terminal of the error amplifier, the gain of the zero signal has to be carefully controlled so as not to saturate the input signal to the error amplifier. On the other hand, the configuration of FIG. 8 is not subject to such limitation since the zero is not introduced at the input terminal of the error amplifier.

Second, by summing the zero and the error voltage V_(EOUT1) prior to a second gain stage, the configuration in FIG. 8 is capable of providing a zero with very large gain as the summed signal is further amplified by the subsequent second gain stage. In the configuration of FIG. 7A, the zero is summed with the error output signal at node 714. Because there is no further amplification of the zero subsequent to the summing operation, the zero may not have a large enough gain. On the other hand, the configuration of FIG. 8 provides a zero with a very large gain since the zero is subjected to another gain stage after the summing operation. As will be explained in more detail below, amplifier 820 is designed to give the output voltage V_(EOUT1) an appropriate gain so that the summed signal of summing circuit 822 does not saturate the input of amplifier 824.

Third, in FIG. 8, the zero generation circuit relies on the second gain stage of the error amplifier to provide additional gain. Therefore, the zero generation circuit does not rely on resistor R₁ to provide the resistive load, and thus additional gain, as is the case in the previous embodiments. As a result, the configuration in FIG. 8 couples the zero generation circuit directly to the feedback voltage node of the controller circuit. The configuration shown in FIG. 8 is more flexible and can be readily incorporated in a wide variety of linear integrated circuits. For instance, while FIG. 8 illustrates incorporating zero generation circuit 810 in a fixed switching regulator including an internal resistor structure, the same configuration can be applied to an adjustable switching regulator including an external resistor structure, as shown in FIG. 9.

FIG. 9 illustrates another embodiment of the present invention where the zero generation circuit is applied in an adjustable switching regulator 900 including an external voltage divider. In switching regulator 900, zero generation circuit 910 is coupled between the feedback terminal 904 receiving the feedback voltage V_(FB) and a summing node in a summing circuit 922 in error amplifier 908. The operation of zero generation circuit 910 is the same as zero generation circuit 810 of FIG. 8. The placement of the voltage divider including resistors RE1 and RE2 external to switching regulator controller 930 has no impact on the operation of the zero generation circuit. Zero generation circuit 910 introduces a zero at the summing node which is summed with the error voltage from amplifier 920. The zero introduced in the feedback loop of switching regulator 900 has a wide range of effectiveness. Furthermore, because zero generation circuit 910 does not require an internal resistor to provide resistive load to increase gain, the zero generation circuit can be readily incorporated in adjustable switching regulator 900 without the need to include an internal resistor, as is the case in the configuration of FIG. 6.

The configuration of zero generation circuit in FIG. 8 is also suitable for other circuit applications. FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram illustrating an application of the switching regulator of FIG. 8 according to one embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 10, switching regulator controller 830 includes an additional input terminal 1005 which is coupled to the feedback voltage V_(FB) (node 806). Input terminal 1005 is coupled to receive an input signal from a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) on terminal 1021 through a resistor RE3. The configuration in FIG. 10 allows a DAC signal to be applied to the feedback voltage V_(FB). When thus configured, switching regulator 1000 becomes a switching regulator with a computer controlled output voltage. Input terminal 1005 allows a computer to send a signal to the switching regulator controller for setting or changing the desired output voltage V_(OUT).

In sum, by placing the summing node where the zero is introduced at a point in the feedback loop where the zero is further amplified, the zero generation circuit can be coupled directly to the feedback voltage node of a circuit, thus allowing the zero generation circuit to be readily applied in any linear integrated circuits. When applied in a switching regulator, the zero generation circuit can be implemented in switching regulators using any voltage divider circuit structure, including internal or external voltage divider circuits. The present configuration simplifies design complexity and provides implementation flexibility.

Returning to FIG. 8, switching regulator controller 830 includes a compensation capacitor 818 coupled in parallel to resistor R₁ between the feedback terminal 804 and the feedback voltage node 806. Capacitor 818 is included to provide a minor pole cancellation for canceling a pole in the second gain stage (amplifier 824) of error amplifier 808. Capacitor 818 is optional and other methods for compensating for the minor pole in amplifier 824 may be used. In the case of an adjustable switching regulator, such as switching regulator 900 with an external resistor structure, the minor pole cancellation can be provided using an external capacitor 918 coupled across external resistor RE1, as shown in FIG. 9. Again, capacitor 918 is optional and other means for pole cancellation can be used to compensate for the minor pole in amplifier 924.

Error amplifiers 808 and 908 in FIGS. 8 and 9 can be implemented as any conventional two-stage error amplifiers including summing circuit 822. FIG. 11 illustrates an error amplifier circuit which can be used to implement error amplifiers 808 and 908 of FIGS. 8 and 9 according to one embodiment of the present invention. Error amplifier circuit 1100 is implemented using a 1.2 μm CMOS fabrication process. In FIG. 11, the notation “MN” preceding a reference number denotes an NMOS transistor while the notation “MP” preceding a reference number denotes a PMOS transistor. Referring to FIG. 11, error amplifier 1100 is a two-stage amplifier with a cascode amplifier as the first gain stage. The input terminal INN is the inverting input terminal for receiving the feedback voltage V_(FB). The input terminals SOFTSTART and IPP provides the reference voltage V_(Ref) for the error amplifier. Input signal SOFTSTART is a parallel reference signal to the IPP signal and is used at start-up of error amplifier circuit 1100 to ensure that the regulated output voltage V_(SW) of the switching regulator is turned on slowly at start-up. Because the output terminal of the switching regulator controller is coupled to an LC filter circuit to provide a substantially constant regulator output voltage, voltage overshoot may result if the output voltage at the output terminal of the controller changes rapidly at circuit start-up. The SOFTSTART signal is provided to turn on the output voltage V_(SW) slowly to avoid such a voltage overshoot condition.

Transistors MP1 and MP2 implement an analog OR function with input signals SOFTSTART and IPP. Transistors MP1 and MP2, together with transistor MP3 receiving the INN signal, form a comparator comparing the input signal at input terminal INN with the reference voltage provided at input terminal IPP. Transistors MN1 and MN2 provide the biasing current for the comparator. The output signals of the comparator (signals csc1 and csc2) are coupled to transistors MN22, MN23, MN31 and MN32. Transistors MN22, MN23, MN31 and MN32, together with transistors MP25 and MP26 form the cascode amplifier for the first gain stage. Transistors MN22, MN23, MN31 and MN32 are cross-coupled to reduce the gain of the first stage so as not to saturate the input to the second gain stage.

Transistors MP25 and MP26 form a differential to single-end converter of the first gain stage. A resistor R46, coupled between the drain terminal of transistor MP25 and the gate terminal of transistor MP26, functions as the summing circuit in error amplifier circuit 1100. The zero generated by the zero generation circuit (denoted “zero” in FIG. 11) is coupled to one terminal of resistor R46 where the zero is summed with the error output voltage V_(EOUT1) of the first gain stage. Transistor MP26 generates the summed signal, denoted as “gain” in FIG. 11, on its drain terminal and the gain signal is coupled to the second gain stage of error amplifier circuit 1100.

The gain signal generated by transistor MP26 is coupled to the gate terminal of transistor MP17 forming the second gain stage of error amplifier circuit 1100. A resistor-capacitor (RC) network HS6 is coupled between the gate and drain terminal of transistor MP17. The RC network includes a resistor R and a capacitor C providing the pole and zero of the error amplifier, respectively. The output terminal denoted by “out” in FIG. 11 is the error output of error amplifier circuit 1100. In the present embodiment, resistor R of the RC network is a diffused capacitor and capacitor C of the RC network is a MOS capacitor.

Error amplifier circuit 1100 may include other supporting circuitry to facilitate the operation of the error amplifier. For example, error amplifier circuit 1100 includes transistors MN24, MN25, MN26 and MN27 controlled by an “OFF” signal operating to turn off the error amplifier circuit. A complementary set of transistors, transistors MP28, MP30, MP31, and MP32, controlled by the complement “OFF” signal, is also provided. Transistors MN15, MN20 and MN21 form current mirrors for providing bias current to the error amplifier circuit. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 11, error amplifier circuit 1100 includes a reset transistor MP34 controlled by an active-high “reset” signal. Reset transistor MP34 operates to pull the output node “out” to a threshold voltage below the Vdd voltage when the circuit is turned on. In this manner, the output node is properly biased for efficient circuit operation.

In the implementation shown in FIG. 11, error amplifier circuit 1100 also includes an optional layout feature to provide an offset voltage at transistor MP3. In the comparator circuit including transistors MP1, MP2 and MP3, transistor MP2 receiving the SOFTSTART signal is only one half the size of transistor MP1. The sizing of transistor MP2 creates an offset voltage such that transistor MP3 is turned on slightly when the SOFTSTART is at 0 volt and the error amplifier circuit is turned on. Keeping transistor MP3 slightly on has the advantage of ensuing proper start-up of error amplifier circuit 1100 where the error amplifier is turned on subsequently by assertion of the SOFTSTART signal.

As is well known in the art, circuit layout rules and techniques can be applied in the implementation of error amplifier 1100 to achieve optimal circuit operation. In the present embodiment, selected groups of transistors in error amplifier 1100 are “matched” during circuit layout in order to minimize the offset of the error amplifier. The “transistor matching” layout technique is well known in the art and typically involves interdigitating the transistors to be matched. For example, to match a transistor A and a transistor B, each having a width of 40 μm, each of the two transistors is drawn as two transistor portions of 20 μm each in width. The four transistor portions of transistors A and B can be layout out in an “ABBA” configuration where the transistor portions of transistor A bonds the transistor portions of transistor B. Of course, the “ABBA” configuration is exemplary only and other techniques for transistor matching may be used. Referring to FIG. 11, transistors MP25 and MP26 in error amplifier circuit 1100 are matched; transistors MP1 and MP3 are matched; transistors MN1 and MN2 are matched; and finally, transistors MN22, MN23, MN31, MN32 are also matched.

Returning to FIGS. 7-10, amplifier AZ of the zero generation circuit in each of FIGS. 7-10 is an open loop amplifier and can be implemented as any conventional gain stages known in the art. In one embodiment, the amplifiers AZ of the zero generation circuits of FIGS. 7-10 are implemented as shown in FIG. 5. FIG. 12 is a circuit diagram illustrating a zero generation circuit according to another embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 12 illustrates another implementation of amplifier AZ which can be applied in the zero generation circuit of the present invention to enhance the performance of the zero generation circuit.

In the present embodiment, zero generation circuit is fabricated using a 1.2 μm CMOS process. Similar to FIG. 11, the notation “MP” denotes a PMOS transistor and the notation “MN” denotes an NMOS transistor. Referring to FIG. 12, zero generation circuit 1200 includes a capacitor C27 functioning as the blocking capacitor C_(B) and a capacitor C9 functioning as the zero capacitor C_(Z). The amplifier AZ of zero generation circuit 1200 includes a single-end to differential converter stage, a differential amplifier stage and a differential to single-ended converter stage.

The single-ended to differential converter stage includes a transistor MN21 a and a resistor network R58, R68, R74 and R75. The single-to-differential converter stage converts the input signal “IN” to a positive (+) and a negative (−) differential signals at nodes 1204 and 1206, respectively. The feedback path formed by resistor R50 between node 1204 and the gate terminal of transistor MN21 a keeps the positive signal (node 1204) at a nearly constant voltage, thus allowing the negative signal (node 1206) to reacts strongly to any changes at the drain terminal (node 1202) of transistor MN21 a. Thus, a slight change in voltage at node 1202 will cause only a small change in voltage at the positive signal (node 1204) but a large change in voltage at the negative signal (node 1206).

The differential output signals from the single-ended to differential converter stage are coupled to a differential amplifier formed by transistors MN15 a and MN16 a. The use of a differential amplifier has advantages over the single transistor amplifier implementation of FIG. 5 in that the differential amplifier operates at a faster speed and also rejects spurious substrate noise. In FIG. 12, capacitor C55 and resistor R70 are added to the differential amplifier for stabilization.

Finally, the differential output signal from the differential amplifier is converted back to a single-ended output signal by the operation of transistor MP23 a. The single-ended output “gain” (node 1208) is the amplified AC component of the input signal “in” and is coupled to capacitor C9 to generate a zero at the output terminal “OUT,” as shown in FIG. 12.

Zero generation circuit 1200 may include other supporting circuitry to facilitate the operation of the amplifier circuit. For example, zero generation circuit 1200 includes a current mirror formed by transistors MP20 a and MP22 a to provide a reference current to the resistor network. In the present embodiment, zero generation circuit 1200 further includes a bias feedback circuit 1210 demarcated by the dotted line in FIG. 12. Bias feedback circuit 1210 operates to hold the “gain” node (node 1208) at a voltage level that will provide the peak gain for the zero generation circuit. Specifically, bias feedback circuit 1210 operates through transistor MP25 a to hold the gain node (node 1208) at a voltage level one threshold below the Vdd voltage. Capacitor C60 is provided to ensure that the operation of bias feedback circuit 1210 is very slow compared to the amplifier circuit in zero generation circuit 1210 so that the bias feedback circuit does not affect the operation of the zero generation circuit.

Bias feedback circuit 1210 receives as input signals a “POFF” signal and its complement. The POFF signal is provided to cause bias feedback circuit 1210 to either operate in a “fast” mode or a “slow” mode. When the POFF signal is asserted, bias feedback circuit 1210 operates in a fast mode to get amplifier AZ in the zero generation circuit into equilibrium very quickly. Then the POFF signal is deasserted to allow the bias feedback circuit to operate in the slow mode for regulating the voltage at the gain node (node 1208).

In the present embodiment, transistors MN15 a and MN16 a, MN21 a, MN27 a, MN28 a and MN31 a are fabricated using extra guard-ring protection. The extra guard-ring protection is provided to shield the sensitive transistors from spurious substrate current which may affect the operational accuracy of the circuit of course, any conventional guard-ring structure may be used. FIG. 13 illustrates an exemplary guard-ring structure which can be used in zero generation circuit 1200 according to one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view of a single NMOS transistor including a N+ source terminal 1331, a N+ drain terminal 1332 and a gate terminal 1336 separated from a p-type substrate 1330 by a thin gate oxide layer 1334. A guard-ring structure 1340 consisting of a ring of p+ diffusion region surrounds the NMOS transistor. The length L′ of guard-ring structure 1340 is at least equal to the distance L representing the distance to be guarded. The distance L is generally the distance from the channel of the transistor to the edge of the guard-ring. Guard-ring structure 1340 operates to absorb stray current in substrate 1330 to prevent the stray current from reaching the channel region and affecting the operation of the NMOS transistor. The use of extra guard-ring protection in zero generation circuit 1210 is optional. Furthermore, the guard-ring structure shown in FIG. 13 is illustrative only and other guard-ring structures may be used to shield the sensitive transistors in the amplifier AZ circuit from undesirable substrate current.

While the amplifier circuit of FIG. 5 or any conventional amplifier circuit can be used to implement the amplifier in the zero generation circuit of the present invention, the use of zero generation circuit 1200 of FIG. 12 provides several advantages. First, the use of a differential amplifier in amplifier AZ in FIG. 12 helps to eliminate substrate noise. When extra guard-ring protection is also provided, the effect of substrate noise can be substantially eliminated and the amplifier AZ can operate at a much higher degree of accuracy. Second, the inclusion of bias feedback circuit 1210 ensures that zero generation circuit 1200 can obtain maximum gain, despite process variations. In the circuit of FIG. 5, amplifier AZ relies on the ratio of the output impedance of NMOS transistor 508 to the PMOS transistor 504 to provide the proper bias for maximum gain. However, small process variations can cause the ratio of the output impedance of the transistors to change, thus affecting the gain and resulting in low manufacturing yield. On the other hand, the use of the bias feedback circuit in amplifier AZ enhances manufacturing robustness as the proper bias for the amplifier is no longer dependent upon manufacturing process variations. Thus, the use of zero generation circuit 1200 including bias feedback circuit 1210 can ensure maximum gain while improving manufacturing yield.

In one embodiment, the configuration of zero generation circuit shown in FIG. 8 is used to construct a high efficiency, high frequency synchronous step-down switching regulator (also known as a buck converter). A buck converter, constructed incorporating the zero generation circuit of the present invention, can operate at a frequency range of 500 kHz to 2 MHz while achieving 90% power conversion efficiency. Other applications of the zero generation circuit of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art, upon being apprised of the present description.

Alternate Embodiment of Zero Generation Circuit

In the above embodiments of the present invention, the zero generation circuit includes a blocking capacitor, an amplifier AZ, and a zero capacitor where the amplifier operates to multiply the capacitance of the zero capacitor for introducing a zero having wide range of effectiveness. In the above description, the amplifier AZ of the zero generation circuit can be implemented as any conventional gain stages or implemented using the circuits shown in FIGS. 5 and 12. According to other embodiments of the present invention, the zero generation circuit can be constructed using one or more gain stages with a capacitive feedback loop. Such a zero generation circuit provides effective zero compensation, especially for feedback system operating at very high frequencies.

FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram illustrating a zero generation circuit according to an alternate embodiment of the present invention and further illustrates the incorporation of the zero generation circuit in a fixed switching regulator. Referring to FIG. 14, the control loop of switching regulator 1400 is established as follows. Switching regulator 1400 includes a switching regulator controller 1430 including an internal voltage divider implemented as resistors R₁ and R₂. The output voltage of the voltage divider (node 1406) is the feedback voltage V_(FB) of switching regulator controller 1430 and is coupled to an input terminal of an error amplifier 1408. Error amplifier 1408 measures the difference between the feedback voltage V_(FB) and a reference voltage V_(Ref1) and generates an error output signal which operates to regulate the regulated output voltage V_(SW) on node 1402 of the switching regulator controller.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 14, error amplifier 1408 includes two gain stages. The first stage is a differential gain stage Ae1 for measuring the difference between voltage V_(FB) and voltage V_(Ref1) and generating an intermediate error output voltage signal V_(EOUT1). The second stage is a gain stage Ae2 for amplifying the voltage signal V_(EOUT1). Error amplifier 1408 typically has associated with it a pole and a zero created by a resistor R_(DZ) and a capacitor C_(DP) connected in series with gain stage Ae2. The pole and zero of error amplifier 1408 are sometimes referred to as the dominant pole and the dominant zero of the feedback system.

The output signal, error output, of error amplifier 1408 drives a switching gain block 1412 having an effective gain of As. The effective gain As is approximately equal to the ratio of the input voltage of gain block 1412 (i.e., the error output voltage) to the voltage of an oscillator signal coupled to the gain block (not shown in FIG. 14). Switching gain block 1412 generates the regulated output voltage V_(SW) which is coupled to an LC filter circuit 11 external to controller 1430. The LC filter circuit 11 generates an output voltage V_(OUT) having substantially constant magnitude. The output voltage V_(OUT) from LC filter circuit 11 is fed back to controller 1430 on feedback terminal 1404, forming the closed loop feedback system. As described above, the output voltage V_(OUT) is stepped down by resistors R₁ and R₂ to generate the feedback voltage V_(FB) for used by error amplifier 1408 for comparison with reference voltage V_(Ref1). Furthermore, LC filter circuit 11 introduces two poles to the feedback loop of switching regulator 1400 which need to be compensated.

In sum, prior to the application of any compensation, the control loop of switching regulator 1400 includes three poles and one zero. Thus, the phase shift of the feedback system, without applying any compensation, is near −180°, causing instability and resulting in ringing at the output voltage. To compensate the control loop of switching regulator 1400, a zero has to be added to the feedback system to boost the phase shift of the system to as close to −90° as possible. Conventional compensation schemes for switching regulators involve using a high gain, high speed amplifier to generate a zero for compensation. However, the conventional compensation schemes become difficult to implement and intractable when the unity gain crossover frequency increases to very high frequency. When the unity gain crossover frequency is high, the requirement for a wide band zero drives the bandwidth of the amplifier to an extremely high frequency, making the practical application of the conventional compensation schemes very difficult.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a zero generation circuit for introducing a wide band Laplace transform zero in a linear or analog integrated circuit includes an input capacitor, an amplifier circuit with capacitive feedback, and an output capacitor. The zero generation circuit is capable of providing effective compensation in a closed loop feedback system even when the unity gain crossover frequency is very high. FIG. 14 illustrates a zero generation circuit 1410 according to one embodiment of the present invention where the zero generation circuit is incorporated in a switching regulator controller for providing compensation to the control loop of the switching regulator.

Referring to FIG. 14, zero generation circuit 1410 is coupled between voltage divider output node 1406 and a summing node 1422 between the two gain stages Ae1 and Ae2 of error amplifier 1408. Thus, zero generation circuit 1410 generates a zero at summing node 1422 which is further amplified by gain stage Ae2 of error amplifier 1408. In the present embodiment, gain stages Ae1 and Ae2 are each an inverting gain stage, such as an inverting amplifier. It is important to note that the exact polarity of the gain stages (i.e., inverting or non-inverting) in error amplifier 1408 is not critical to the principles of the present invention and is merely a matter of design choice in selecting the appropriate inverting and non-inverting amplifier, or a combination thereof, to generate an error output signal having the correct phase shift.

Zero generation circuit 1410 includes an input capacitor C_(ZIN), an amplifier AZ with capacitive feedback and an output capacitor C_(ZOUT), connected in series between node 1406 and summing node 1422. In the present embodiment, amplifier AZ in an inverting amplifier including inverting gain stages A1, A2 and A3 with gain stage A3 being the high gain stage. Amplifier AZ further includes a feedback capacitor C_(ZFB) coupled between the input terminal and the output terminal of amplifier AZ. In other words, capacitor C_(ZFB) is coupled between the input terminal of gain stage A1 (node 1450) and the output terminal of gain stage A3 (node 1452).

In operation, capacitor C_(ZIN) receives feedback voltage V_(FB) on node 1406 and functions to block out the DC component of the feedback voltage. The AC component of feedback voltage V_(FB) is summed with the output signal Z_(OUT) of gain stage A3 fed back through feedback capacitor C_(ZFB). In effect, through the action of feedback capacitor C_(ZFB), the input terminal to amplifier AZ becomes a summing node of the AC component of feedback voltage V_(FB) and the AC component of output signal Z_(OUT). The summed AC signal is then amplified by amplifier AZ. Thus, amplifier AZ is a fixed gain amplifier whose gain is controlled by the ratio of the capacitance of capacitor C_(ZIN) to the capacitance of capacitor C_(ZFB) (that is, C_(ZIN)/C_(ZFB)). The gain of amplifier AZ can then be selected by adjusting the values of capacitors C_(ZIN) and C_(ZFB). In the present embodiment, the gain of amplifier AZ is selected to be several hundreds. By incorporating a capacitive feedback loop in amplifier AZ through the use of capacitor C_(ZFB), the output terminal of gain stage A3 can be made into a low impedance node, allowing gain stage A3 to drive capacitor C_(ZOUT) more effectively.

At the output end of amplifier AZ, output signal Z_(OUT) drives capacitor C_(ZOUT) for introducing a zero signal in the feedback system of switching regulator 1400. The zero signal generated by capacitor C_(ZOUT) is summed with immediate error output signal V_(EOUT1) at node 1422 and the summed signal drives the input terminal of gain stage Ae2. In operation, the input impedance of gain stage Ae2 (represented as 1/Gm) and the capacitance of capacitor C_(ZOUT) form a Laplace transform zero where the gain of the summed signal increases with frequency. The effect of the addition of the Laplace transform zero in the feedback system of switch regulator 1400 is depicted in the Bode plot of FIG. 18.

FIG. 18 is a Bode plot (loop gain vs. frequency plot) of the feedback system of the switching regulator of FIG. 14. It should be noted that both the Bode plots of FIGS. 4 and 18 illustrate the frequency response of the switching regulator circuit, as shown in FIGS. 3, 6, 7A, 7B, 8-10 and 14, after the introduction of a zero in the feedback loop using the zero generation circuit of the present invention. However, the Bode plot in FIG. 18 illustrates in greater detail the operation and the result of introducing a zero using the zero generation circuit of the present invention. Referring to FIG. 18, curve 1802 represents the loop gain component introduced by the zero generation circuit 1410 of FIG. 14. The zero-pole pair of the zero generation circuit takes effect at frequency f1 where the double-pole from the LC filter circuit 11 takes effect. The result is that when the loop gain crosses unity gain, the phase shift is substantially far from zero degree and far less than −180° so that the feedback system is ensured to be stable.

As described above, conventional compensation schemes often involves the use of a high gain, high speed amplifier to introduce a zero for compensation. However, the use of high gain and high speed amplifier for compensation becomes problematic in high frequency applications. Specifically, when the unity gain crossover frequency increases, the requirement that the compensation schemes provide a wide band zero drives the bandwidth of such high gain, high speed amplifier to extremely high frequency. As a result, the conventional compensation schemes are difficult to design and implement. However, in accordance with the present invention, the zero generation circuit, incorporating an input capacitor, an amplifier with capacitive feedback and an output capacitor, is capable of generating a “wide-band” zero having effectiveness over a large frequency range. Thus, the zero generation circuit of the present invention can be advantageously applied in feedback systems even when the unity gain cross-over frequency is at high frequency values to provide effective zero compensation.

Alternate Embodiments

In the present embodiment, amplifier AZ is an inverting amplifier. However, in other embodiments, depending on the insertion point of the zero signal, amplifier AZ can be implemented as an non-inverting amplifier to provide a zero signal having the correct phase shift. The exact polarity (inverting or non-inverting) of amplifier AZ is not critical to the principles of the present invention as long as proper signal polarity is maintained through the feedback loop. That is, the polarity of amplifier AZ is selected to provide a zero signal having the correct phase shift to be combined with the signals in the feedback system, such as the error output signal or the intermediate error output signal (V_(EOUT1)) depending on where the zero signal is inserted.

For instance, in the present embodiment, the requirement of the feedback loop dictates that the error output signal generated at the output terminal of error amplifier 1408 should be non-inverting. Thus, error amplifier 1408 includes two inverting gain stages Ae1 and Ae2 and provides a non-inverting error output signal. On the other hand, amplifier AZ in the zero generation circuit is an inverting amplifier. The zero signal generated by zero generation circuit 1410, having an inverted phase, is summed with intermediate output voltage signal V_(EOUT1) at node 1422 and subsequently amplified and inverted by inverting gain stage Ae2. In this manner, an error output signal having an non-inverting phase shift is generated.

Furthermore, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 14, the zero signal is injected in the feedback loop at an intermediate point between the two gain stages of error amplifier 1408. In other embodiments, the zero generation circuit can be configured to introduce the zero signal at other points in the feedback loop of an linear integrated circuit for providing effective zero compensation and improving frequency stability of the linear integrated circuit. Thus, in one embodiment, zero generation circuit 1410 can be configured to generate a zero which is summed with the feedback voltage V_(FB) at the input terminal of the error amplifier in a switching regulator controller, as shown in FIG. 3, where zero generation circuit 310 can be replaced with zero generation circuit 1410. In another embodiment, zero generation circuit 1410 can be configured to generate a zero which is summed with the error output signal of the error amplifier in a switching regulator controller, as shown in FIG. 7A, where zero generation circuit 710 can be replaced with zero generation circuit 1410.

In the above embodiments, the zero generation circuit of the present invention is applied in a fixed switching regulator. Zero generation circuit 1410 can of course be incorporated in a closed loop feedback system for an adjustable switching regulator. For instance, zero generation circuit 1410 can be configured to introduce a zero signal at the input terminal of the error amplifier in a regulator controller for an adjustable switching regulator, as shown in FIG. 6. Zero generation circuit 1410 can also be configured to introduce a zero signal at the output terminal of the error amplifier in a regulator controller for an adjustable switching regulator, as shown in FIG. 7B. Lastly, zero generation circuit 1410 can be configured to introduce a zero at an intermediate node between two gain stages of an error amplifier in a regulator controller for an adjustable switching regulator, as shown in FIG. 9. In sum, zero generate circuit 1410 can be applied to inject a zero signal in any closed loop feedback system for zero compensation and for improving stability.

It should be noted that amplifier AZ of zero generation circuit 1410 can be implemented with any number of gain stages. In the present embodiment, amplifier AZ includes three inverting gain stages with the last gain stage being the high gain stage. In other embodiments, amplifier AZ includes only a single gain stage where the single gain stage is a high gain stage. Of course, the polarity of the gain stage or stages in amplifier AZ is determined by the required phase shift at the location where the zero is to be injected.

The Autobias Circuit

Returning to FIG. 14, amplifier AZ of zero generation circuit 1410 includes only a capacitive feedback loop through capacitor C_(ZFB). Therefore, amplifier AZ has no DC reference voltage on the output terminal. Because gain stage A3 is a high gain amplifier (e.g., a gain of 30), the high gain output node (node 1452) of gain stage A3 may swing from rail to rail if a DC reference voltage is not provided. Thus, in an alternate embodiment of the present invention, amplifier AZ includes a bias circuit for providing a DC reference voltage to output signal Z_(OUT) at the output node of gain stage A3. Bias circuits for setting a DC reference voltage at a node of an integrated circuit are known. In accordance with the present invention, any conventional bias circuits can be applied to provide a DC reference voltage at output node 1452. Examples of conventional bias circuits include an integrator with a large capacitive feedback.

According to another aspect of the present invention, amplifier AZ of zero generation circuit 1410 includes an autobias circuit for setting the DC reference voltage level of high gain node 1452 so that the output signal Z_(OUT) of gain stage A3 can be kept at a reasonable DC voltage level for proper operation of the zero generation circuit. Referring to FIG. 14, amplifier AZ includes an autobias circuit A_(FB), depicted as an amplifier, coupled between the high gain output node (node 1452) and the input node of gain stage A3. Autobias circuit A_(FB) receives as input signals the Z_(OUT) signal and a reference voltage V_(Ref2) and drives the input terminal of gain stage A3. In operation, autobias circuit A_(FB) monitors output voltage Z_(OUT) of gain stage A3 and compare voltage Z_(OUT) with reference voltage V_(Ref2). Based on the difference of the two input voltages, autobias circuit A_(FB)adjusts the DC voltage at the input terminal of gain stage A3 in order to set the DC voltage level of output voltage Z_(OUT) in the center of the active region of the gain stage. In effect, autobias circuit A_(FB) operates to cancel out the voltage swing at output voltage Z_(OUT) by keeping the DC level of voltage Z_(OUT) at a predetermined optimal voltage level.

In the design of the autobias circuit, certain design constraints should be considered to ensure that the operation of the circuit will not interfere with the operation of amplifier AZ and ultimately the operation of the zero generation circuit. For example, if the bandwidth of autobias circuit A_(FB) is too large and the gain of the autobias circuit is too large, the speed of the autobias control loop can be very fast and can interfere with the actual signal propagating through amplifier AZ. For instance, a very fast responding autobias circuit A_(FB) can change the output signal of amplifier AZ or may actually cancel out the output signal. Thus, a slow-speed autobias circuit is desired. However, the autobias circuit also needs to be able to respond as fast as possible to avoid a long settling time.

To prevent signal interference caused by the autobias circuit, the gain-bandwidth product of the autobias control loop needs to be set to less than a given threshold value where interference with the signal path of amplifier AZ is avoided. In one embodiment, the gain-bandwidth product of the autobias control loop is set to be less then 3 kHz. The 3 kHz threshold is chosen because the bandwidth of the autobias control loop has be to lower than the frequency at which the zero signal generated by the zero generation circuit becomes effective. Referring to FIG. 18, the gain-bandwidth product threshold of the autobias control loop should have a frequency much less than frequency f₁, the frequency at which the zero signal crosses the dominant zero point of the frequency response of the switching regulator control loop. In the present embodiment, limiting the gain-bandwidth to a 3 kHz threshold is sufficient to prevent interference while providing effective DC voltage adjustment.

Referring to FIG. 14, the gain of the autobias control loop is the product of the gain of gain stage A3 and the gain of autobias circuit A_(FB). Thus, the gain-bandwidth product of the autobias control loop is constrained as follows:

A _(FB) ×A 3×BW≦3 kHz

where A_(FB) and A3 denote the gain of the respective gain stages, and BW denotes the bandwidth of the control loop. If gain stage A3 has a gain of 30, the gain of autobias circuit A_(FB) can be set to be approximately {fraction (1/30)}. However, the design constraint of a 3 kHz gain-bandwidth product requires that the bandwidth of autobias circuit A_(FB) to be less than 3 kHz all by itself. Conventional techniques for designing a differential amplifier having reduced gain and a narrow bandwidth involve the use of large resistors or large capacitors. Large resistors and large capacitors are very area-intensive and thus are not practical in most applications.

According to another aspect of the present invention, the autobias circuit includes a switched resistor circuit or a switched capacitor circuit to realize a reduced gain and a narrow bandwidth differential amplifier. The autobias circuit of the present invention is suitable for use in amplifier AZ of zero generation circuit 1410 for correcting the DC drive of output signal Z_(OUT) and providing a DC reference level for the output signal without interfering with the actual signal propagating through amplifier AZ. FIG. 15 is a circuit diagram illustrating an autobias circuit employing a switched resistor circuit according to one embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 15 and in the following figures, the notation “MN” preceding a reference number denotes an NMOS transistor while the notation “MP” preceding a reference number denotes a PMOS transistor.

Referring to FIG. 15, autobias circuit 1500 includes a resistor R15 and a diode-connected transistor MP12 b as gain-reduction elements for reducing the gain of the input signal (signal Z_(OUT)) received on the input terminal (denoted “drain”) to a desired level. Resistor R15 and transistor MP12 b are connected in series with the signal path of the input signal and operates to reduce the gain of the input signal (signal Z_(OUT)) before the signal is compared with the reference voltage V_(Ref2).

Autobias circuit 1500 also includes a differential amplifier comparing the input signal (signal Z_(OUT)) and reference voltage V_(Ref2) (provided by the current reference signal I_(refp)). Current reference signal I_(refp) is also used to bias transistor MP18 b and MP26 b for generating reference currents at the drain terminals of the respective transistors. The differential amplifier includes a transistor MP9 b having a gate terminal coupled to receive the input signal, a transistor MP24 b having a gate terminal coupled to receive the reference signal I_(refp), and transistor MP26 b for providing a bias current. The output nodes of the differential amplifier (denoted “g1” and “m1”) are driven into diode-connected MOS transistors MN22 b and MN21 b for gain reduction. The differential amplifier of autobias circuit 1500 also includes a transistor MN35 b functioning as a non-linear gain element. Transistor MN35 b is coupled between the source terminals of transistors MN21 b and MN22 b and the Vss terminal. In operation, when the currents at the diode-connected transistors MN21 b and MN22 b are offset from each other, such as when the current in transistor MN21 b is less than the current in transistor MN22 b, the voltage on node g1 will rise above the voltage level of the normal diode characteristics. The additional voltage boost helps the autobias circuit recover in large signal transient conditions.

The output signal of the differential amplifier (on node g1) is connected to a switched resistor circuit which functions as the final and primary gain reduction element. FIG. 16 is representative circuit diagram of a switched resistor circuit. A switch resistor circuit includes a resistor R connected in series with a capacitor C through a switch controlled by a signal having a duty cycle of D. If the switch is simply closed, the time constant of the circuit is RC. However, if the switch is opened and closed with a duty cycle of D, the time constant of the circuit becomes RC/D. Thus, by setting the duty cycle of the switch to a small value (e.g., 1%), the RC time constant of the circuit is multiplied by a large number (e.g. 100). The only requisite on the operation of the switched resistor circuit is that the duty cycle (or the switching frequency) must be higher than the RC time constant of the circuit. In that case, the circuit functions as a resistor whose resistance is multiplied by the inverse of the duty cycle factor. In this manner, a very large resistance can be derived from a relatively small resistor.

Returning to FIG. 15, the switch resistor circuit in autobias circuit 1500 is implemented as a transmission gate and a capacitor C2. The output signal of the differential amplifier (node g1) is coupled to a capacitor C2 through the transmission gate. In the present embodiment, the transmission gate is constructed using a PMOS transistor MP35 b and an NMOS transistor MN37 b. The control terminals of the transmission gate (the gate terminals of transistors MP35 b and MN37 b) are driven by a low duty cycle signal “gpulse” and its complement so that both transistors MP35 b and MN37 b turn on or off in unison according to the gpulse signal. The operation of the gpulse signal turning on and off the transmission gate (transistors MP35 b and MN37 b) has the effect of multiplying the impedance of diode-connected transistor MN22 b by the inverse of the duty cycle factor of the gpulse signal. In one embodiment, the duty cycle of the gpulse signal is 2% and the impedance of transistor MN22 b is multiplied by 50 times. In this manner, the bandwidth of autobias circuit 1500 is reduced by 50.

The gain and bandwidth reduction realized by the use of the gain reduction elements and the switched resistor circuit in autobias circuit 1500 allows the autobias circuit to meet the gain-bandwidth product requirement of 30 kHz for the autobias control loop. Thus, autobias circuit 1500 can provide effective correction of the DC drift of the output signal Z_(OUT) without affecting the actual Z_(OUT) signal when the autobias circuit is incorporated in amplifier AZ of zero generation circuit 1410 (FIG. 14).

The output signal from the switched resistor circuit (on node “cap”) is coupled to drive the gate terminals of transistors MN24 b and MN25 b. Transistors MN24 b and MN25 b are connected in series between the output terminal (denoted “gate”) of autobias circuit 1500 and the Vss voltage. Transistors MN24 b and MN25 b drive the input terminal of the third gain stage A3 in amplifier AZ for setting the DC reference level of the output signal (Z_(OUT)) at the output terminal of the third gain stage A3.

When autobias circuit 1500 is incorporated in amplifier AZ (FIG. 14), capacitor C_(ZOUT) of the zero generation circuit adds a pole to the autobias control loop. Thus, a zero must be added to autobias circuit A_(FB) to improve the AC stability. In the present embodiment, a diode-connected transistor MN34 b is added to autobias circuit 1500 for introducing the zero. Transistor MN34 b is coupled between capacitor C2 and the Vss voltage and is biased by transistor MP18 b receiving the current reference signal I_(refp) as the bias signal. Transistor MN34 b introduces a zero in the autobias control loop to cancel out the effect of the pole introduced by capacitor C_(ZOUT).

Besides achieving the desired gain and bandwidth reduction, the use of a switched resistor circuit in autobias circuit 1500 realizes other advantages. For instance, in operation, the gpulse signal is activated to close the transmission gate (transistors MP35 b and MN37 b) during the startup of the autobias circuit. In the manner, the output signal of the differential amplifier is coupled directly to capacitor C2 which has the effect of reducing the settling time of the autobias circuit. In one embodiment, the settling time can be reduced by a factor of 20 to 50 times, speeding up the initialization of the switching regulator. After the startup operation, the signal gpulse begins to cycle as previously described.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 15, autobias circuit 1500 implements gain reduction by using a switched resistor circuit. A switched resistor circuit is more suited for autobias circuit 1500 when the gpulse signal is a high frequency, low duty cycle signal. However, in other embodiments, a switched capacitor circuit can also be used in the autobias circuit in place of the switched resistor circuit to achieve a high resistance for gain reduction. The switched capacitor circuit is similar to the switched resistor circuit of FIG. 16 except that the resistor R is replaced with a switch in series with a small capacitor and the capacitor C is replaced with a large capacitor. Charge from the voltage source (representing the input node of the switched capacitor circuit) is transferred from the small capacitor to the large capacitor by the operation of the two switches that are driven by clocks signals in two phases. Thus, the first switch closes to transfer charge from the voltage source to the small capacitor while the second switch is open. Then, the first switch opens and the second switch is closed to transfer charge from the small capacitor to the large capacitor. The effective resistive current flow in such a switched capacitor circuit is V*C1*F where C1 is the capacitance of the small capacitor and F is the switching frequency. The effective resistance is thus 1/(C1*F). By making the capacitance of capacitor C1 very small or the frequency F very small, a large effective resistance can be realized in such a switched capacitor circuit.

FIG. 17 is a circuit schematic of a zero generation circuit incorporating autobias circuit 1500 according to one embodiment of the present invention. Referring to FIG. 17, zero generation circuit 1700 receives the feedback voltage signal V_(FB) on an input terminal denoted “IN”. A capacitor C_(ZIN) is coupled between the input terminal IN and the input terminal of the first gain stage A1 (i.e., the gate terminal of transistor MN48 c). The gate terminal of transistor MN48 c is the summing node (denoted as “SumNode”) for the capacitive feedback path provided by capacitor C_(ZFB). In FIG. 17, capacitor C_(ZFB) is shown as an explicit capacitive component. In actual implementation, the gate-to-drain overlap capacitance of transistor MN44 c contributes to a significant portion of the capacitance of capacitor C_(ZFB) SO that an explicit capacitor C_(ZFB) may be omitted. As described above, the ratio of the capacitance C_(ZIN)/C_(ZFB) is the overall gain of amplifier AZ of zero generation circuit 1700. The zero signal is generated at the output terminal (denoted “out”) by driving signal Z_(OUT) (node “drain”) through a capacitor C_(ZOUT).

Zero generation circuit 1700 includes a resistor R148 and a capacitor C97 for introducing a pole having the effect of extinguishing the gain of circuit 1700 over a specified frequency. This gain reduction is particularly important when the zero generation circuit is applied in a switching regulator because the gain of the zero generation circuit needs to be reduced at the switching frequency of the switching regulator. Capacitor C97 also serves the function of stabilizing the capacitive feedback loop of zero generation circuit 1700.

In the present embodiment, zero generation circuit 1700 includes amplifier AZ having three gain stages A1, A2 and A3. The first gain stage A1 is a single stage amplifier including transistor MN48 c biased by a transistor MP20 c. The DC operating point of gain stage A1 is set by the resistance of resistor R115. In operation, capacitor C_(ZIN) and resistor R115 function as a differentiator. When the input signal is summed with the feedback signal from capacitor C_(ZFB) at the SumNode, a flat gain signal Z_(OUT) will be generated at the drain node.

In gain stage A1, a differential signal is generated between SumNode and a node “Z1”, the output node of gain stage A1. The DC voltage at the SumNode sets the bias current in transistors MN49 c and MN44 c. Transistor MN49 c, together with transistor MN50 c form the second gain stage A2 of amplifier AZ. The output signal from the first gain stage (on node “Z1”) is coupled to the gate terminal of transistor MN50 c. Transistors MP1 c and MP23 c form a current mirror providing the bias current for gain stage A2. If transistors MN49 c, MN50 c, MP1 c and MP23 c are perfectly matched, the voltage on the output node of gain stage A2 (node “Z2”) would be in the high gain active region.

However, in the event that the transistors in gain stage A2 are not perfectly matched, autobias circuit A_(FB) operates to set the DC reference level of the signal on node Z2 so that output signal from the second gain stage A2 remains biased in the high gain active region. In the present embodiment, transistor MN49 c is made larger “electrically” than transistor MN50 c, such as by making the width of transistor MN49 c larger than the width of transistor MN50 c, so that the voltage on node Z2 will tend to saturate towards the high power supply voltage Vdd. Autobias circuit A_(FB) thus operates to pull the voltage at node Z2 down into the high gain active region such that both the output voltage of gain stage A2 and the output voltage of gain stage A3 (Z_(OUT)) are biased in the high gain active region.

The third and final gain stage of amplifier AZ includes transistor MN44 c biased by a transistor MP35 c. The gate terminal of transistor MN44 c is connected to the SumNode because the gate-drain overlap capacitance contributes to a significant portion of the feedback capacitance C_(ZFB). Gain stage A3 generates the Z_(OUT) signal (on node drain) which drives capacitor C_(ZOUT). The output terminal (node “out”) of zero generation circuit 1700 is coupled to the appropriate location in a linear integrated circuit for introducing a Laplace transform zero for compensation.

As shown in FIG. 17, the input terminal (node drain) of autobias circuit A_(FB) is coupled to the output terminal of gain stage A3. The output terminal (node “gate”) of autobias circuit A_(FB) is coupled to node Z2, the output terminal of gain stage A2 which is also the input terminal to gain stage A3.

Error Amplifier

FIG. 19 is a circuit diagram of an error amplifier according to one embodiment of the present invention which can be used to implement error amplifier 1408 in the switching regulator controller of FIG. 14. Although other two-stage error amplifiers can be used in the switching regulator controller of the present invention, the use of error amplifier 1900 in FIG. 19 offers particular advantages, as will be apparent in the following discussions.

Referring to FIG. 19, the first gain stage (Ae1) of error amplifier 1900 includes a differential amplifier with a cascode gain stage. The differential amplifier includes a transistor MP1 d receiving the reference voltage V_(Ref1) (on input terminal IPP) as input voltage and a transistor MP3 d receiving the feedback voltage V_(FB) (on input terminal INN) as input voltage. The differential amplifier is powered by a current source made up of transistor MP4 d. The current supplied by transistor MP4 d is steered by the differential stage (transistors MP1 d and MP3 d) into transistors MN1 d and MN2 d.

Transistors MN22 d and MN23 d form the cascode gain stage and are coupled to the output nodes S1 and S2, respectively, of the differential amplifier. A transistor MN15 d, receiving a reference current input IREFN, establishes a reference current which is transferred to a transistor MP5 d for establishing a reference voltage referred to the Vdd supply voltage. The reference voltage is used to set up a reference current in transistors MP25 d and MP26 d (a more detailed circuit connection is shown in FIG. 20 and will be explained further below). The output node of the cascode stage (denoted “High Gain”) is the intermediate node between the two gain stages of error amplifier 1900 where the zero signal is introduced and summed with the differential amplifier output signal.

The second gain stage (Ae2) of error amplifier 1900 is formed by a transistor MP17 d which is the gain device for the gain stage. The summed signal on the High Gain node drives the gate terminal of transistor MP17 d. Transistor MP17 d is biased by a transistor MN16 d which is driven by the reference current IREFN. A resistor-capacitor (RC) network is coupled between the gate and drain terminals of transistor MP17 d. The RC network includes a resistor R and a capacitor C providing the dominant pole and dominant zero of the error amplifier, respectively. The output terminal of the second gain stage Ae2 (denoted as node “OUT”) provides the error output of error amplifier 1900.

FIG. 20 is a detailed circuit diagram of an error amplifier according to another embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 20 incorporates the basic two-stage amplifier circuit of the error amplifier of FIG. 19 but includes additional circuit structures to support and improve the operation of the error amplifier circuit. Like elements in FIG. 19 and FIG. 20 are given like reference numerals to simplify the discussion.

Referring to FIG. 20, the first gain stage Ae1 of error amplifier 2000 includes a differential amplifier and a cascode gain stage similar to that shown in FIG. 19. In error amplifier 2000, a pair of transistors MP1 d and MP2 d, connected in parallel, form one branch of the differential input terminals of the differential amplifier. Transistors MP1 d and MP2 d form an “analog OR” configuration where the transistor with the lower gate voltage takes over as the conductive path of the differential amplifier. Transistor MP1 d receives a reference voltage signal “SOFTSTART” which is a parallel reference signal to the voltage reference signal V_(Ref1). The SOFTSTART signal is used at start-up of error amplifier circuit 2000 to ensure that the regulated output voltage V_(SW) of the switching regulator is turned on slowly at start-up. In operation, the SOFTSTART signal rises slowly during start-up and the regulated output voltage V_(SW) tracks the SOFTSTART signal voltage until the reference voltage V_(Ref1) is reached. At that time, the precision reference voltage V_(Ref1) controls and the input voltage transitions smoothly from the SOFTSTART signal to the reference voltage V_(Ref1).

The voltages at cascode nodes S1 and S2 are determined by transistors MN22 d and MN23 d, forming the cascode gain stage, and the voltage at a node “cmg” driving the gate terminals of transistors MN22 d and MN23 d. The voltage at node cmg is formed by a secondary feedback loop. The secondary feedback loop is a feature of the error amplifier 2000 of the present invention and provides improvements in the operation of the error amplifier, such improvements not realized in conventional error amplifier circuits.

The secondary feedback loop is formed as follows. A transistor MN15 d, driven by a reference current signal IREFN, set up a reference current on the drain terminal (node mir3) of the transistor. The reference current is transferred to a transistor MP5 d to create a reference voltage referred to the Vdd supply voltage. A second reference current is set up in a transistor MP22 d based on the reference voltage. The second reference current from transistor MP22 d is compared to the current sensed in transistor MN22 d (through the cmg node). The sensed current on the drain terminal of transistor MN22 d is transferred to a transistor MP25 d which establishes a second reference voltage referred to the VDD supply voltage. The second reference voltage sets up a current in a transistor MP23 d which transfers the current to a transistor MN21 d. Transistor MN21 d transfers the current to a transistor MN20 d where the current comparison is made in the high gain node cmg.

The current flowing through transistor MN20 d develops a voltage across a resistor R37. The voltage at the lower end of resistor R37 (node cmg2) is applied to the gate terminals of transistors MN1 d and MN2 d. The voltage at the upper end of resistor R37 (node cmg) is applied to the gate terminals of the cascode transistors MN22 d and MN23 d. This arrangement ensures that transistors MN1 d and MN2 d are held in the saturation region. Furthermore, transistor MP25 d and transistor MP4 d are sized such that the two transistors generate equal currents. The equal current requirement in transistors MP25 d and MP4 d ensures that in equilibrium, when the voltage difference between input terminals IPP and INN is zero, the current in each of transistors MN1 d and MN2 d is equal to the current in MP4 d. A capacitor C46, coupled between node cmg2 and the Vss voltage, is provided to stabilize the secondary feedback loop.

In this manner, the secondary feedback loop is established. The operation of the secondary feedback loop has the result of keeping the current in transistor MP25 d substantially constant over variations in the differential input voltage between input terminals IPP and INN. One benefit of incorporating the secondary feedback loop in error amplifier 2000 is that the gain of the first gain stage Ae1 is doubled. The first gain stage Ae1 generates an output voltage on the High Gain node where the zero signal is introduced. The increased gain of the output voltage ensures proper summing of the zero signal at the High Gain node. Another benefit of the second feedback loop is that the speed of the first gain stage Ae1 is increased, thereby increasing the speed of operation of the error amplifier circuit.

At the second gain stage Ae2 of error amplifier 2000, the output voltage of the first gain stage Ae1, summed with the zero signal (on node “zero”), drives the gate terminal of a transistor MP17 d. Transistor MP17 d is biased by a transistor MN16 d which is driven by a bias current on node mir1 which is part of the secondary feedback loop. This arrangement allows the currents in a transistor MP26 d and transistor MP17 d to be tracked in a constant ratio.

A RC circuit (denoted HS6), including a resistor and a capacitor connected in series, is coupled between the gate and drain terminals of transistor MP17 d. As described above, the resistor and the capacitor introduce the dominant pole and the dominant zero of the error amplifier circuit. Specifically, the size of the capacitor sets the location of the dominant pole in the feedback control loop and the resistance of the resistor sets the location of the dominant zero in the feedback control loop. The RC circuit is designed to drive a small capacitive loads on the output terminal (node OUT) of error amplifier 2000. The selection of the capacitance and resistance values for the RC circuit is critical as large capacitance with small resistance values will upset the control loop and produce an offset in the error amplifier.

Error amplifier 2000 includes features to facilitate the efficient operation of the circuit. For instance, in circuit operation, error amplifier 2000 can be operated under conditions where the output node is turned off and the output voltage is zero, or where the output node is turned on fully with the output voltage at the input voltage value. To ensure an orderly transition between these two extremes in circuit operation, error amplifier 2000 includes two control signals “setlow” and “sethigh”. The setlow signal drives a transistor MP34 d and the sethigh signal drives a transistor MN33 d. When the sethigh signal is expressed, the output terminal of error amplifier 2000 is slewed high by pulling the High Gain node to the ground voltage. When the setlow signal is expressed, the output terminal of error amplifier 2000 is slewed to the ground voltage by pulling the High Gain node to the Vdd supply voltage. Note that the polarities of the sethigh and setlow signals are selected in a conventional manner for driving the respective transistors MP34 d and MN33 d. In the present embodiment, the sethigh signal is an active high signal while the setlow signal is an active low signal.

The use of the sethigh and setlow signals in error amplifier 2000 also offers other advantages. For example, in normal operating conditions, the error amplifier is turned on but the output voltage of the switching regulator, in which the error amplifier is incorporated, may be artificially skewed to the ground voltage or the input voltage. In that case, the error amplifier would react accordingly to correct for the skewed condition. As a result, the output voltage of the error amplifier would move in the opposite direction. However, in the present embodiment, the sethigh and setlow signals operate to set the output voltages of the first and second gain stages in the error amplifier to a level as if the error amplifier itself was responsible for the skew at the output voltage of the switching regulator. The gain nodes in error amplifier 2000 would be set to voltage levels which would cause the error amplifier to be responsible for the artificial skew condition, which voltage levels are opposite to the voltages that would result in the absence of the control signals. In this manner, the sethigh and setlow control signals operate to ensure a normal recovery of the error amplifier from skewed conditions without or with substantially lessened, overshoot of the output voltage of the switching regulator.

In error amplifier 2000, transistors MN24 d, MN26 d, MN25 d, MN27 d, MP28 d, MP30 d, MP31 d, and MP32 d are used for turning off error amplifier 2000 to a low leakage position when required in response to the OFF signal.

Unity Gain-Bandwidth Product

As described above, zero generation circuit 1410 can be used to introduce a Laplace transform zero at different locations in the closed loop feedback system of switching regulator 1400 for providing effective zero compensation. For instance, zero generation circuit 1410 can be coupled to introduce a zero in an intermediate node in error amplifier 1408, as shown in FIG. 14. In other embodiments, zero generation circuit 1410 can also be coupled to introduce a zero at the input terminal to or the output terminal of error amplifier 1408. However, introducing the zero signal at the intermediate node of error amplifier 1408, as illustrated in FIG. 14, has specific advantages. Specifically, the unity gain-bandwidth product of the feedback system can be well controlled as the unity gain bandwidth is a function of device parameters of which only a few are process dependent. Therefore, the closed loop feedback system in which zero generation circuit 1410 is incorporated is exceptionally stable across manufacturing processing variations.

The gain-bandwidth product of the feedback system of switching regulator 1400 can be estimated from first order calculations as follows. The gain of switching gain block 1412 can be estimated as:

As=Vin/Vosc  (6)

where Vin is the input voltage to the switching gain block, i.e., the error output voltage from error amplifier 1408 and Vosc is the voltage of the oscillator signal coupled to the gain block (not shown in FIG. 14).

The gain of zero generation circuit 1410, denoted Aza, can be estimated as the gain of amplifier AZ as follows:

Aza=C _(ZIN) /C _(ZFB)  (7)

where C_(ZIN) is the capacitance of capacitor C_(ZIN) and C_(ZFB) is the capacitance of capacitor C_(ZFB).

The gain of error amplifier 1408, denoted Aerr, is the product of the gain of the two gain stages Ae1 and Ae2 of the error amplifier and can be estimated as follows:

Aerr=Gm _(Ae1) *R _(oe1) *Gm _(Ae2) *R _(oe2)  (8)

where Gm_(Ae1) and Gm_(Ae2) denote the transconductances of gain stage Ae1 and Ae2, respectively, and R_(oe1) and R_(oe2) denote the output impedances of the respective gain stages Ae1 and Ae2.

The gain-bandwidth product of the feedback system is a function of the time constants associated with the various functional block of the system. First, the time constant associated with LC filter circuit 11 is given as:

 τ_(LC) ={square root over (L*C)}  (9)

where L and C denote the inductance and capacitance of filter circuit 11 external to switching regulator controller 1430. The time constant associated with the dominant pole in error amplifier 1408 is given as:

τ_(p) =Gm _(Ae2) *R _(oe2) *C _(DP) *R _(oe1)  (10)

where C_(DP) is the capacitance of capacitor C_(DP) in error amplifier 1408. The time constant associated with the dominant zero in error amplifier 1408 is given as:

τ_(Z) =R _(DZ) *C _(DP)  (11)

where R_(DZ) is the resistance of resistor R_(DZ) in error amplifier 1408.

The time constant associated with the zero added by zero generation circuit 1410 is given as:

τ_(ZA)=Aza*C _(ZOUT) /Gm _(Ae2)  (12)

where C_(ZOUT) is the capacitance of capacitor C_(ZOUT) of zero generation circuit 1410.

Finally, the unity gain-bandwidth product, F_(ugbw), of the feedback system of switching regulator 1400 can be estimated as follows: $\begin{matrix} {F_{ugbw} = {\frac{{Aerr}*{As}*\tau_{ZA}*\tau_{Z}}{\tau_{P}*\tau_{LC}^{2}}.}} & (13) \end{matrix}$

By substituting the terms defined above into equation 13, the unity gain-bandwidth product of the feedback system can be expressed as: $\begin{matrix} {F_{ugbw} = {\frac{{Gm}_{Ae1}}{{Gm}_{Ae2}}*\frac{C_{ZOUT}*R_{DZ}*{Aza}}{L*C}*{{As}.}}} & (14) \end{matrix}$

From equation 14, it can be observed that the unity gain-bandwidth product is a function of the transconductances (Gm's) of the gain stages of the error amplifier, the gain of the zero generation circuit, the capacitance of capacitor C_(ZOUT) and the resistance of resistor R_(DZ). The transconductances Gm_(Ae1) and Gm_(Ae2) are device dependent parameters and should be similarly process dependent. Thus, the ratio of the two transconductances would be constant across process variations. The gain of the switching gain block As is dependent upon Vin and Vosc. As long as the switching gain block is designed to remove the dependency of As on Vin and Vosc, the value of gain As would be constant over process variations also. Otherwise, As would be an application dependent parameter and varies depending on the design of the switching gain block. The gain of the zero generation circuit Aza is a ratio of two capacitors. Therefore, gain Aza should be relatively constant over process variations. The inductance and capacitance of LC filter circuit 11 are typically components external to the switching regulator controller and their values can be made to be reasonably constant.

Thus, the only two terms left in the unity gain-bandwidth product F_(ugbw) that can have substantial process variations are the product of C_(ZOUT) and R_(DZ). Hence, the variation of the unity gain-bandwidth product due to manufacturing process variation is limited. In most cases, the variation in the unity gain-bandwidth product is about ±30% which is remarkably small for an important device parameter in the feedback system. Simulation results confirm that even for large process and temperature variations, the feedback system incorporating the zero generation circuit of the present invention exhibits relatively small variations of the unity gain-bandwidth product. A switching regulator incorporating the zero generation circuit in the feedback system of the present invention exhibits exceptionally stability across process and temperature variations, such stability result cannot be readily realized in feedback systems using conventional compensation techniques.

Modifications

The above detailed descriptions are provided to illustrate specific embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to be limiting. Numerous modifications and variations within the scope of the present invention are possible. For example, while the above descriptions describe incorporating the zero generating circuit of the present invention in a switching regulator controller, the zero generating circuit of the present invention can be incorporated in any linear circuits being operated in a closed loop feedback system to ensure frequency stability. Also, while the implementation of the zero generation circuit has been described using CMOS devices, the circuit can also be implemented using bipolar devices to provide the same frequency stabilizing result. Furthermore, while in the present descriptions, the voltage divider of controller 330 includes two resistors R₁ and R₂, a person of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that the voltage divider can be implemented using any numbers of resistors to produce the desired divided voltage. Lastly, while the above embodiments describe coupling the autobias circuit to the last gain stage of the zero generation circuit, this is illustrative only and in other embodiments, the autobias circuit can be coupled between the output terminal of amplifier AZ and the input terminal of any one of the multiple gain stages in amplifier AZ. The present invention is defined by the appended claims. 

I claim:
 1. A compensation circuit for introducing a zero in a first circuit being incorporated in a closed loop feedback system, said first circuit including a first terminal generating a first voltage for said closed loop feedback system, a feedback terminal for receiving a second voltage from said closed loop feedback system, an input node in said first circuit receiving a feedback voltage corresponding to said second voltage, said input node being coupled to a second circuit, said compensation circuit comprising: a first capacitor coupled between said input node in said first circuit and a first node, said first capacitor blocking out the DC component of said feedback voltage; an amplifier having an input terminal coupled to said first node and an output terminal coupled to a second node; a second capacitor coupled between said second node and a third node between a first gain stage and a second gain stage of said second circuit; and a third capacitor coupled between said first node and said second node; wherein said capacitance of said second capacitor and an input impedance of said second gain stage of said second circuit introduce a zero in said closed loop feedback system at said third node.
 2. The circuit of claim 1, wherein said amplifier comprises one or more gain stages connected in series.
 3. The circuit of claim 2, wherein a last one of said gain stages of said amplifier comprises a high gain stage.
 4. The circuit of claim 1, wherein said second circuit is an error amplifier, said error amplifier comprising a first gain stage receiving as input signals said feedback voltage at said input node and a first reference voltage and generating an intermediate error output voltage on said third node, and a second gain stage receiving said intermediate error output voltage from said first gain stage and generating an error output voltage on an output terminal of said error amplifier.
 5. The circuit of claim 4, wherein said amplifier comprises an inverting amplifier and said first gain stage and said second gain stage of said error amplifier each comprises an inverting gain stage.
 6. The circuit of claim 2, further comprising: a bias circuit having a first input terminal coupled to said second node, a second input terminal coupled to receive a second reference voltage, and an output terminal coupled to an input terminal of a selected one of a second one to a last one of said one or more gain stages of said amplifier, said bias circuit driving said input terminal of said selected one of said gain stages so as to provide a DC reference voltage for an output voltage generated on said output terminal of said amplifier.
 7. The circuit of claim 3, further comprising: a bias circuit having a first input terminal coupled to said second node, a second input terminal coupled to receive a second reference voltage, and an output terminal coupled to an input terminal of said last one of said one or more gain stages of said amplifier, said bias circuit providing an output voltage driving said input terminal of said last one of said gain stages so as to provide a DC reference voltage for an output voltage generated on said output terminal of said amplifier.
 8. The circuit of claim 7, wherein said DC reference voltage comprises a voltage for setting said output voltage in the center of the active region of said last one of said gain stages.
 9. The circuit of claim 7, wherein said bias circuit and said last one of said gain stages form a control loop, a gain-bandwidth product of said control loop being less than a predetermined threshold value.
 10. The circuit of claim 9, wherein said threshold value is less than 3 kHz.
 11. The circuit of claim 7, wherein said bias circuit comprises: a differential amplifier coupled to receive a voltage on said second node and said second reference voltage as input signals and generate an output voltage indicative of a difference between said voltage on said second node and said second reference voltage; and a switched resistor circuit couple to receive said output voltage of said differential amplifier and selectively transfer said output voltage to said output terminal of said bias circuit, said switched resistor circuit having a duty cycle of D.
 12. The circuit of claim 11, wherein said switched resistor circuit comprises: a transmission gate coupled to receive said output voltage of said differential amplifier, said transmission gate being controlled by a control signal having a duty cycle of D; and a capacitor coupled between an output terminal of said transmission gate and a first supply voltage; wherein the switching action of said transmission gate at said duty cycle of D operates to magnify an output impedance of said differential amplifier by a factor of 1/D, said transmission gate generating said output voltage of said bias circuit.
 13. The circuit of claim 12, wherein said transmission gate of said switched resistor circuit comprises a first transistor and a second transistor connected in parallel.
 14. The circuit of claim 12, wherein said capacitor is coupled to said first supply voltage through a transistor, said transistor having a control terminal and a first current handling terminal coupled to said capacitor and to a bias voltage, and a second current handling terminal coupled to said first supply voltage.
 15. The circuit of claim 13, wherein said first transistor is of a first type and said second transistor is of a second type, said first transistor being driven by said control signal and said second transistor being driven by a complement of said control signal.
 16. The circuit of claim 11, wherein said differential amplifier comprises: a first transistor having a control terminal coupled to receive said voltage on said second node, a first current handling terminal coupled to a bias voltage, and a second current handling terminal coupled to a fourth node, said fourth node being said output terminal of said differential amplifier; a second transistor having a control terminal coupled to receive said second reference voltage, a first current handling terminal coupled to said bias voltage, and a second current handling terminal coupled to a fifth node; a third transistor having a control terminal and a first current handling terminal coupled to said fourth node, and a second current handling terminal coupled to a sixth node; a fourth transistor having a control terminal and a first current handling terminal coupled to said fifth node, and a second current handling terminal coupled to said sixth node; and a fifth transistor having a control terminal coupled to said fifth node, a first current handling terminal coupled to said sixth node, and a second current handling terminal coupled to a first supply voltage.
 17. The circuit of claim 7, wherein said bias circuit comprises: a differential amplifier coupled to receive a voltage on said second node and said second reference voltage as input signals and generate an output voltage indicative of a difference between said voltage on said second node and said second reference voltage; and a switched capacitor circuit couple to receive said output voltage of said differential amplifier and selectively transfer said output voltage to said output terminal of said bias circuit, said switched capacitor circuit having a duty cycle of D.
 18. The circuit of claim 17, wherein said switched capacitor circuit comprises: a first switch coupled between an output terminal of said differential amplifier and a first terminal of a fourth capacitor, said first switch being controlled by a control signal having a duty cycle of D and having a first phase; a second switch coupled between a second terminal of said fourth capacitor and a first terminal of a fifth capacitor, said second switch being controlled by a control signal having a duty cycle of D and having a second phase; and a second terminal of said fifth capacitor being coupled to a first supply voltage, said fifth capacitor having a capacitance greater than a capacitance of said fourth capacitor; wherein the switching action of said first and second switches at said duty cycle of D operates to magnify an effective resistance of said fourth capacitor, said fourth capacitor generating said output voltage of said bias circuit.
 19. The circuit of claim 1, wherein said first circuit further comprises a voltage divider coupled to said feedback terminal for dividing said second voltage and generating said feedback voltage at said input node, said voltage divider being manufactured on the same integrated circuit as said first circuit and said compensation circuit.
 20. The circuit of claim 19, wherein said voltage divider comprises a first resistor and a second resistor connected in series, said first resistor being coupled between said feedback terminal and said input node and said second resistor being coupled between said input node and a first supply voltage.
 21. The circuit of claim 1, wherein said second voltage is a divided voltage of said first voltage generated by a voltage divider external to said first circuit, said second voltage being said feedback voltage.
 22. The circuit of claim 3, wherein said amplifier comprises: a first transistor having a control terminal coupled to said first node, a first current handling terminal receiving a first bias current and a second current handling terminal coupled to a first supply voltage; a second transistor having a control terminal coupled to said first node, a first current handling terminal receiving a second bias current and a second current handling terminal coupled to a first supply voltage; a third transistor having a control terminal coupled to said first current handling terminal of said first transistor, a first current handling terminal receiving said second bias current and a second current handling terminal coupled to a first supply voltage; a fourth transistor having a control terminal coupled to said first current handling terminal of said third transistor, a first current handling terminal receiving a third bias current and a second current handling terminal coupled to a second supply voltage; a fifth transistor having a control terminal coupled to said first node, a first current handling terminal coupled to said first current handling terminal of said fourth transistor and a second current handling terminal coupled to said first supply voltage; and a gain reduction circuit coupled between said first node and said first current handling terminal of said first transistor, said gain reduction circuit operating to reduce the gain of said amplifier at a predetermined frequency; wherein the gate-to-drain overlap capacitance of said fifth transistor comprises a major portion of the capacitance of said third capacitor.
 23. The circuit of claim 22, wherein said gain reduction circuit comprises a resistor and a capacitor connected in parallel between said first node and said first current handling terminal of said first transistor.
 24. A switching regulator controller circuit, comprising: an output terminal providing a signal corresponding to a regulated output voltage; a feedback terminal for receiving a first voltage corresponding to said regulated output voltage; an error amplifier having a first input node coupled to receive a feedback voltage corresponding to said first voltage, a second input node coupled to a first reference voltage and an error output node providing an error voltage indicative of the difference between said feedback voltage and said reference voltage, said error amplifier comprising a first gain stage and a second gain stage connected in series; a control circuit comprising an input node receiving said error voltage and an output node generating said signal corresponding to said regulated output voltage in response to said error voltage, said control circuit coupling said signal to said output terminal; and a compensation circuit comprising: a first capacitor coupled between said first input node of said error amplifier and a first node, said first capacitor blocking out the DC component of said feedback voltage; an amplifier having an input terminal coupled to said first node and an output terminal coupled to a second node; a second capacitor coupled between said second node and a third node between said first gain stage and said second gain stage of said second circuit; and a third capacitor coupled between said first node and said second node; wherein said capacitance of said second capacitor and an input impedance of said second gain stage of said error amplifier introduce a zero in said closed loop feedback system at said third node.
 25. The circuit of claim 24, wherein said amplifier comprises one or more gain stages connected in series.
 26. The circuit of claim 25, wherein a last one of said gain stages of said amplifier comprises a high gain stage.
 27. The circuit of claim 24, wherein said amplifier comprises an inverting amplifier and said first gain stage and said second gain stage of said error amplifier each comprises an inverting gain stage.
 28. The circuit of claim 25, further comprising: a bias circuit having a first input terminal coupled to said second node, a second input terminal coupled to receive a second reference voltage, and an output terminal coupled to an input terminal of a selected one of a second one to a last one of said one or more gain stages of said amplifier, said bias circuit driving said input terminal of said selected one of said gain stages so as to provide a DC reference voltage for an output voltage generated on said output terminal of said amplifier.
 29. The circuit of claim 26, further comprising: a bias circuit having a first input terminal coupled to said second node, a second input terminal coupled to receive a second reference voltage, and an output terminal coupled to an input terminal of said last one of said one or more gain stages of said amplifier, said bias circuit providing an output voltage driving said input terminal of said last one of said gain stages so as to provide a DC reference voltage for an output voltage generated on said output terminal of said amplifier.
 30. The circuit of claim 29, wherein said DC reference voltage comprises a voltage for setting said output voltage in the center of the active region of said last one of said gain stages.
 31. The circuit of claim 24, wherein said first voltage is said regulated output voltage and said switching regulator controller further comprises a voltage divider coupled to said feedback terminal for dividing said first voltage and generating said feedback voltage at said first input node of said error amplifier.
 32. The circuit of claim 31, wherein said voltage divider comprises a first resistor and a second resistor connected in series between said feedback terminal and a first power supply, said voltage divider providing said feedback voltage at an output node between said first and second resistors.
 33. The circuit of claim 24, wherein said first voltage is a divided voltage of said regulated output voltage generated by a voltage divider external to said switching regulator controller circuit, said feedback voltage being said first voltage.
 34. The circuit of claim 33, wherein said voltage divider external to said switching regulator controller circuit comprises a first resistor and a second resistor connected in series, said first resistor being coupled between said regulator output voltage and said feedback terminal and said second resistor being coupled between said feedback terminal and a first power supply.
 35. The circuit of claim 24, wherein said output terminal of said switching regulator controller circuit is coupled to an output filter circuit for generating said regulated output voltage.
 36. The circuit of claim 35, wherein said output filter circuit comprises an inductor and a capacitor connected in series between said output terminal and a ground terminal.
 37. The circuit of claim 24, wherein said error amplifier comprises: a differential amplifier having a first input terminal coupled to said first input node and a second input terminal coupled to said second input node, said differential amplifier generating an output signal on an output terminal indicative of a difference between said feedback voltage and said reference voltage; a cascode gain stage coupled to receive said output signal of said differential amplifier and generating an output signal at an output terminal, said output terminal being coupled to a current mirror, said cascode gain stage being biased to generate a bias current; and an amplifier receiving said output signal from said cascode gain stage and generating said error output signal; wherein said cascode gain stage is biased by a control signal for generating said bias current having substantially constant magnitude over variations in voltage differences of said first input signal and said second input signal.
 38. A method for providing zero compensation in a first circuit incorporated in a closed loop feedback system, said method comprising: applying a feedback voltage at a first node of said first circuit to a first capacitor, said first voltage corresponding to a first voltage of said closed loop feedback system; filtering out the DC component from said feedback voltage using said first capacitor; amplifying said filtered feedback voltage; applying said amplified filtered feedback voltage to a second capacitor coupled to a second node of said first circuit; coupling said amplified filtered feedback voltage to said first capacitor, said amplified filtered feedback voltage being summed with said feedback voltage at said first capacitor; introducing a zero at said second node in said first circuit as a result of coupling said amplified filtered feedback voltage to said second capacitor; coupling said feedback voltage to an input node of a second circuit in said first circuit; determining a difference voltage between said feedback voltage and a reference voltage at said second circuit; summing at said second node said difference voltage and a voltage corresponding to said zero; and amplifying said summed signal.
 39. The method of claim 38, wherein said second circuit is an error amplifier circuit.
 40. The method of claim 39, wherein said determining a difference voltage is performed in a first gain stage of said error amplifier circuit.
 41. The method of claim 39, wherein said amplifying said summed signal is performed in a second gain stage of said error amplifier circuit.
 42. The method of claim 38, wherein said amplifying said filtered feedback voltage is performed in an amplifier including one or more gain stages, a last one of said gain stages being a high gain stage.
 43. The method of claim 38, further comprises: determining a second difference voltage between said amplified filtered feedback voltage and a second reference voltage; and coupling said second difference voltage to an input terminal of said last one of said gain stages, said second difference voltage providing a DC reference voltage for said amplified filtered feedback voltage.
 44. A compensation circuit for introducing a zero in a first circuit being incorporated in a closed loop feedback system, said first circuit including a first terminal generating a first voltage for said closed loop feedback system, a feedback terminal for receiving a feedback voltage from said closed loop feedback system, said feedback terminal coupling said feedback voltage to an input node in said first circuit, said compensation circuit comprising: a first capacitor coupled between said feedback terminal of said first circuit and a first node, said first capacitor blocking out the DC component of said feedback voltage; an amplifier coupled between said first node and a second node; a second capacitor coupled between said second node and said input node of said first circuit; and a third capacitor coupled between said first node and said second node; wherein said capacitance of said second capacitor and an input impedance of said input node introduce a zero in said closed loop feedback system at said second node.
 45. The circuit of claim 44, wherein said amplifier comprises one or more gain stages connected in series.
 46. The circuit of claim 45, wherein a last one of said gain stages of said amplifier comprises a high gain stage.
 47. The circuit of claim 45, further comprising: a bias circuit having a first input terminal coupled to said second node, a second input terminal coupled to receive a second reference voltage, and an output terminal coupled to an input terminal of a selected one of a second one to a last one of said one or more gain stages of said amplifier, said bias circuit driving said input terminal of said selected one of said gain stages so as to provide a DC reference voltage for an output voltage generated on said output terminal of said amplifier.
 48. A switching regulator controller circuit, comprising: an output terminal providing a signal corresponding to a regulated output voltage; a feedback terminal for receiving a first voltage corresponding to said regulated output voltage; an error amplifier having a first input node coupled to receive a feedback voltage corresponding to said first voltage, a second input node coupled to a reference voltage and an error output node providing an error voltage indicative of the difference between said feedback voltage and said reference voltage; a control circuit comprising an input node receiving said error voltage and an output node generating said signal corresponding to said regulated output voltage in response to said error voltage, said control circuit coupling said signal to said output terminal; and a compensation circuit comprising: a first capacitor coupled between said first input node of said error amplifier and a first node, said first capacitor for blocking out the DC component of said feedback voltage; an amplifier coupled between said first node and a second node; a second capacitor coupled between said second node and said first input node of said error amplifier; and a third capacitor coupled between said first node and said second node; wherein said compensation circuit introduces a zero at said first input node of said error amplifier.
 49. The circuit of claim 48, wherein said amplifier comprises one or more gain stages connected in series.
 50. The circuit of claim 49, wherein a last one of said gain stages of said amplifier comprises a high gain stage.
 51. The circuit of claim 49, further comprising: a bias circuit having a first input terminal coupled to said second node, a second input terminal coupled to receive a second reference voltage, and an output terminal coupled to an input terminal of a selected one of a second one to a last one of said one or more gain stages of said amplifier, said bias circuit driving said input terminal of said selected one of said gain stages so as to provide a DC reference voltage for an output voltage generated on said output terminal of said amplifier.
 52. A method for providing zero compensation in a first circuit incorporated in a closed loop feedback system, said method comprising: applying a feedback voltage at a first node of said first circuit to a first capacitor; filtering out the DC component from said feedback voltage using said first capacitor; amplifying said filtered feedback voltage; applying said amplified filtered feedback voltage to a second capacitor coupled to a second node of said first circuit; coupling said amplified filtered feedback voltage to said first capacitor, said amplified filtered feedback voltage being summed with said feedback voltage at said first capacitor; and introducing a zero at said second node in said first circuit as a result of coupling said amplified filtered feedback voltage to said second capacitor.
 53. A compensation circuit for introducing a zero in a first circuit being incorporated in a closed loop feedback system, said first circuit including a first terminal generating a first voltage for said closed loop feedback system, a feedback terminal for receiving a second voltage from said closed loop feedback system, an input node in said first circuit receiving a feedback voltage corresponding to said second voltage, said input node being coupled to a second circuit, said compensation circuit comprising: a first capacitor coupled between said input node in said first circuit and a first node, said first capacitor blocking out the DC component of said feedback voltage; an amplifier having an input terminal coupled to said first node and an output terminal coupled to a second node; and a second capacitor coupled between said second node and a third node coupled to a summing circuit; wherein said summing circuit is coupled to sum a voltage generated at said second capacitor and an output voltage generated by said second circuit and generate a summed voltage at a summing node, said compensation circuit thereby introducing a zero at said summing node.
 54. A compensation circuit for introducing a zero in a first circuit being incorporated in a closed loop feedback system, said first circuit including a first terminal generating a first voltage for said closed loop feedback system, a feedback terminal for receiving a second voltage from said closed loop feedback system, an input node in said first circuit receiving a feedback voltage corresponding to said second voltage, said input node being coupled to a second circuit, said compensation circuit comprising: a first capacitor coupled between said input node in said first circuit and a first node, said first capacitor blocking out the DC component of said feedback voltage; an amplifier having an input terminal coupled to said first node and an output terminal coupled to a second node; a second capacitor coupled between said second node and a third node coupled to a summing circuit; and a third capacitor coupled between said first node and said second node; wherein said summing circuit is coupled to sum a voltage generated at said second capacitor and an output voltage generated by said second circuit and generate a summed voltage at a summing node, said compensation circuit thereby introducing a zero at said summing node.
 55. The circuit of claim 54, wherein said amplifier comprises one or more gain stages connected in series.
 56. The circuit of claim 55, wherein a last one of said gain stages of said amplifier comprises a high gain stage.
 57. The circuit of claim 55, further comprising: a bias circuit having a first input terminal coupled to said second node, a second input terminal coupled to receive a second reference voltage, and an output terminal coupled to an input terminal of a selected one of a second one to a last one of said one or more gain stages of said amplifier, said bias circuit driving said input terminal of said selected one of said gain stages so as to provide a DC reference voltage for an output voltage generated on said output terminal of said amplifier.
 58. A switching regulator controller circuit, comprising: an output terminal providing a signal corresponding to a regulated output voltage; a feedback terminal for receiving a first voltage corresponding to said regulated output voltage; an error amplifier having a first input node coupled to receive a feedback voltage corresponding to said first voltage, a second input node coupled to a reference voltage and an error output node providing an error voltage indicative of the difference between said feedback voltage and said reference voltage; a control circuit comprising an input node receiving said error voltage and an output node generating said signal corresponding to said regulated output voltage in response to said error voltage, said control circuit coupling said signal to said output terminal; and a compensation circuit comprising: a first capacitor coupled between said first input node of said error amplifier and a first node, said first capacitor for blocking out the DC component of said feedback voltage; an amplifier coupled between said first node and a second node; a second capacitor coupled between said second node and a third node coupled to a summing circuit; and a third capacitor coupled between said first node and said second node; wherein said summing circuit is coupled to sum a voltage generated at said second capacitor and said error voltage of said error amplifier and generate a summed voltage at a summing node, said compensation circuit thereby introducing a zero at said summing node.
 59. The circuit of claim 58, wherein said amplifier comprises one or more gain stages connected in series.
 60. The circuit of claim 59, wherein a last one of said gain stages of said amplifier comprises a high gain stage.
 61. The circuit of claim 59, further comprising: a bias circuit having a first input terminal coupled to said second node, a second input terminal coupled to receive a second reference voltage, and an output terminal coupled to an input terminal of a selected one of a second one to a last one of said one or more gain stages of said amplifier, said bias circuit driving said input terminal of said selected one of said gain stages so as to provide a DC reference voltage for an output voltage generated on said output terminal of said amplifier.
 62. A method for providing zero compensation in a first circuit incorporated in a closed loop feedback system, said method comprising: applying a feedback voltage at a first node of said first circuit to a first capacitor; filtering out the DC component from said feedback voltage using said first capacitor; amplifying said filtered feedback voltage; applying said amplified filtered feedback voltage to a second capacitor coupled to a second node of said first circuit; introducing a zero at said second node in said first circuit as a result of coupling said amplified filtered feedback voltage to said second capacitor; coupling said amplified filtered feedback voltage to said first capacitor, said amplified filtered feedback voltage being summed with said feedback voltage at said first capacitor; coupling a first voltage to an input node of a second circuit in said first circuit, said first voltage corresponding to said feedback voltage; determining a difference voltage between said first voltage and a reference voltage at said second circuit; and summing a voltage corresponding to said zero and said difference voltage.
 63. The method of claim 62, wherein said second circuit is an error amplifier circuit. 